{"id":6386,"date":"2026-02-04T17:43:35","date_gmt":"2026-02-04T09:43:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/ja\/understanding-data-flow-diagrams-dfds\/"},"modified":"2026-02-04T17:43:35","modified_gmt":"2026-02-04T09:43:35","slug":"understanding-data-flow-diagrams-dfds","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/ja\/understanding-data-flow-diagrams-dfds\/","title":{"rendered":"\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30d5\u30ed\u30fc\u56f3\uff08DFD\uff09\u306e\u7406\u89e3"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u306f\u3058\u3081\u306b<\/h3>\n

\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30d5\u30ed\u30fc\u56f3\uff08DFD\uff09\u306f\u3001\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u5185\u306e\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u6d41\u308c\u3092\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u5316\u3059\u308b\u5f37\u529b\u306a\u30c4\u30fc\u30eb\u3067\u3059\u3002\u30b3\u30f3\u30d4\u30e5\u30fc\u30bf\u5c02\u9580\u5bb6\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3001\u975e\u5c02\u9580\u5bb6\u306b\u3082\u7406\u89e3\u3057\u3084\u3059\u3044\u8996\u899a\u7684\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u8981\u4ef6\u306e\u5206\u6790\u304a\u3088\u3073\u4ed5\u69d8\u5316\u306e\u6bb5\u968e\u3067\u975e\u5e38\u306b\u8cb4\u91cd\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n

1. \u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5<\/h3>\n

\u672c\u8cea\u7684\u306b\u3001DFD\u306f\u60c5\u5831\u304c\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u5185\u3067\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u79fb\u52d5\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u305d\u306e\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u51e6\u7406\u3059\u308b\u6d3b\u52d5\u3092\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u5316\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30bd\u30d5\u30c8\u30a6\u30a7\u30a2\u30a8\u30f3\u30b8\u30cb\u30a2\u3001\u9867\u5ba2\u3001\u30e6\u30fc\u30b6\u30fc\u9593\u3067\u306e\u52b9\u679c\u7684\u306a\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3092\u4fc3\u9032\u3059\u308b\u56f3\u5f0f\u8868\u73fe\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n

2. DFD\u306e\u69cb\u6210\u8981\u7d20<\/h3>\n

\"1.<\/p>\n

2.1 \u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9<\/h4>\n

DFD\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u306f\u3001\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u5185\u3067\u884c\u308f\u308c\u308b\u6d3b\u52d5\u3084\u5909\u63db\u3092\u8868\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u5358\u7d14\u306a\u64cd\u4f5c\u304b\u3089\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u307e\u3067\u3001\u3055\u307e\u3056\u307e\u306a\u3082\u306e\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n

2.2 \u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u30c8\u30a2<\/h4>\n

\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u30c8\u30a2\u306f\u3001\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u5185\u306b\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u4fdd\u5b58\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u30ea\u30dd\u30b8\u30c8\u30ea\u3067\u3059\u3002\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30d9\u30fc\u30b9\u3001\u30d5\u30a1\u30a4\u30eb\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u305d\u306e\u4ed6\u306e\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b\u5f62\u5f0f\u306e\u30b9\u30c8\u30ec\u30fc\u30b8\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n

2.3 \u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30d5\u30ed\u30fc<\/h4>\n

\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30d5\u30ed\u30fc\u306f\u3001\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3001\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u30c8\u30a2\u3001\u5916\u90e8\u30a8\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u9593\u3067\u306e\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306e\u79fb\u52d5\u3092\u8868\u3059\u77e2\u5370\u3067\u3059\u3002\u60c5\u5831\u304c\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u5185\u3067\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u79fb\u52d5\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3092\u793a\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n

2.4 \u5916\u90e8\u30a8\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30c6\u30a3<\/h4>\n

\u5916\u90e8\u30a8\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30c6\u30a3\u306f\u3001\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306e\u5916\u90e8\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u3001\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u3068\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3059\u308b\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u51fa\u6240\u307e\u305f\u306f\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u3067\u3059\u3002\u30e6\u30fc\u30b6\u30fc\u3001\u4ed6\u306e\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u30bb\u30f3\u30b5\u30fc\u306a\u3069\u3082\u542b\u307e\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n

3. \u30eb\u30fc\u30eb\u3068\u69cb\u6210\u8981\u7d20<\/h3>\n

DFD\u306f\u9650\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u69cb\u6210\u8981\u7d20\u3068\u7c21\u5358\u306a\u30eb\u30fc\u30eb\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u7406\u89e3\u3057\u3084\u3059\u3044\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30d5\u30ed\u30fc\u56f3\u306b\u308f\u305f\u3063\u3066\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u30eb\u30fc\u30eb\u304c\u4e00\u8cab\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u4e00\u8cab\u6027\u3068\u660e\u78ba\u3055\u304c\u4fdd\u305f\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n

4. DFD\u306e\u5229\u70b9<\/h3>\n

4.1 \u30b3\u30e9\u30dc\u30ec\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3<\/h4>\n

DFD\u306f\u3001\u30bd\u30d5\u30c8\u30a6\u30a7\u30a2\u30a8\u30f3\u30b8\u30cb\u30a2\u3001\u9867\u5ba2\u3001\u30e6\u30fc\u30b6\u30fc\u9593\u3067\u306e\u52b9\u679c\u7684\u306a\u5354\u529b\u3092\u4fc3\u9032\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u56f3\u306e\u8996\u899a\u7684\u306a\u6027\u8cea\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u6982\u5ff5\u304c\u7c21\u7d20\u5316\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n

4.2 \u5206\u6790\u3068\u4ed5\u69d8\u5316<\/h4>\n

DFD\u306f\u3001\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u8981\u4ef6\u306e\u5206\u6790\u304a\u3088\u3073\u4ed5\u69d8\u5316\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3067\u3059\u3002\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u6d41\u308c\u306b\u6ce8\u76ee\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306e\u52d5\u4f5c\u306e\u4ed5\u7d44\u307f\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u7406\u89e3\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n

5. DFD\u4f5c\u6210\u306e\u30b9\u30c6\u30c3\u30d7\u30d0\u30a4\u30b9\u30c6\u30c3\u30d7\u30ac\u30a4\u30c9<\/h3>\n

5.1 \u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u306e\u7279\u5b9a<\/h4>\n

\u307e\u305a\u3001\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u5185\u306e\u4e3b\u8981\u306a\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306f\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u64cd\u4f5c\u307e\u305f\u306f\u5909\u63db\u3059\u308b\u6d3b\u52d5\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n

5.2 \u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30d5\u30ed\u30fc\u306e\u5b9a\u7fa9<\/h4>\n

\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u9593\u3067\u306e\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306e\u79fb\u52d5\u65b9\u6cd5\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30d5\u30ed\u30fc\u3092\u77e2\u5370\u3067\u8868\u3057\u3001\u9069\u5207\u306b\u30e9\u30d9\u30eb\u3092\u4ed8\u3051\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n

5.3 \u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u30c8\u30a2\u306e\u5c0e\u5165<\/h4>\n

\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u5185\u3067\u306e\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306e\u4fdd\u5b58\u5834\u6240\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u30c8\u30a2\u3092\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3084\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30d5\u30ed\u30fc\u306b\u9069\u5207\u306b\u63a5\u7d9a\u3057\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n

5.4 \u5916\u90e8\u30a8\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u7d71\u5408<\/h4>\n

\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u3068\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3059\u308b\u5916\u90e8\u30a8\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30c6\u30a3\u3092\u542b\u3081\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30d5\u30ed\u30fc\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u95a2\u9023\u3059\u308b\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u306b\u63a5\u7d9a\u3057\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n

5.5 \u691c\u8a3c\u3068\u53cd\u5fa9<\/h4>\n

DFD\u306e\u6b63\u78ba\u6027\u3068\u5b8c\u5168\u6027\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u3002\u5fc5\u8981\u306b\u5fdc\u3058\u3066\u53cd\u5fa9\u3092\u884c\u3044\u3001\u56f3\u304c\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u5185\u306e\u60c5\u5831\u30d5\u30ed\u30fc\u3092\u52b9\u679c\u7684\u306b\u6349\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n

6. \u4f8b<\/h3>\n

\u7406\u89e3\u3092\u6df1\u3081\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\u7c21\u5358\u306a\u4f8b\u3092\u691c\u8a0e\u3057\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u30b7\u30ca\u30ea\u30aa<\/strong>\uff1a\u30aa\u30f3\u30e9\u30a4\u30f3\u30b7\u30e7\u30c3\u30d4\u30f3\u30b0\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9<\/strong>\uff1a\u6ce8\u6587\u51e6\u7406\u3001\u5728\u5eab\u7ba1\u7406\u3001\u652f\u6255\u3044\u51e6\u7406\u3002<\/li>\n
  2. \u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30d5\u30ed\u30fc<\/strong>\uff1a\u6ce8\u6587\u8a73\u7d30\u306f\u9867\u5ba2\u304b\u3089\u6ce8\u6587\u51e6\u7406\u3078\u3001\u5728\u5eab\u306e\u66f4\u65b0\u60c5\u5831\u306f\u5728\u5eab\u7ba1\u7406\u3078\u3001\u652f\u6255\u3044\u60c5\u5831\u306f\u652f\u6255\u3044\u51e6\u7406\u3078\u3068\u6d41\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/li>\n
  3. \u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u30c8\u30a2<\/strong>\uff1a\u9867\u5ba2\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u4fdd\u5b58\u7528\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30d9\u30fc\u30b9\u3001\u5728\u5eab\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30d9\u30fc\u30b9\u3002<\/li>\n
  4. \u5916\u90e8\u30a8\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30c6\u30a3<\/strong>\uff1a\u6ce8\u6587\u3092\u884c\u3046\u9867\u5ba2\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u7d50\u8ad6<\/h3>\n

    \u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30d5\u30ed\u30fc\u56f3\u306f\u3001\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u5206\u6790\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u8cb4\u91cd\u306a\u30c4\u30fc\u30eb\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u624b\u9806\u306b\u5f93\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306e\u958b\u767a\u3068\u7406\u89e3\u306e\u57fa\u76e4\u3068\u306a\u308b\u660e\u78ba\u3067\u5305\u62ec\u7684\u306aDFD\u3092\u4f5c\u6210\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \u306f\u3058\u3081\u306b \u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30d5\u30ed\u30fc\u56f3\uff08DFD\uff09\u306f\u3001\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u5185\u306e\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u6d41\u308c\u3092\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u5316\u3059\u308b\u5f37\u529b\u306a\u30c4\u30fc\u30eb\u3067\u3059\u3002\u30b3\u30f3\u30d4\u30e5\u30fc\u30bf\u5c02\u9580\u5bb6\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3001\u975e\u5c02\u9580\u5bb6\u306b\u3082\u7406\u89e3\u3057\u3084\u3059\u3044\u8996\u899a\u7684\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u8981\u4ef6\u306e\u5206\u6790\u304a\u3088\u3073\u4ed5\u69d8\u5316\u306e\u6bb5\u968e\u3067\u975e\u5e38\u306b\u8cb4\u91cd\u3067\u3059\u3002 1. \u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5 \u672c\u8cea\u7684\u306b\u3001DFD\u306f\u60c5\u5831\u304c\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u5185\u3067\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u79fb\u52d5\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u305d\u306e\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u51e6\u7406\u3059\u308b\u6d3b\u52d5\u3092\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u5316\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30bd\u30d5\u30c8\u30a6\u30a7\u30a2\u30a8\u30f3\u30b8\u30cb\u30a2\u3001\u9867\u5ba2\u3001\u30e6\u30fc\u30b6\u30fc\u9593\u3067\u306e\u52b9\u679c\u7684\u306a\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3092\u4fc3\u9032\u3059\u308b\u56f3\u5f0f\u8868\u73fe\u3067\u3059\u3002 2. DFD\u306e\u69cb\u6210\u8981\u7d20 2.1 \u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9 DFD\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u306f\u3001\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u5185\u3067\u884c\u308f\u308c\u308b\u6d3b\u52d5\u3084\u5909\u63db\u3092\u8868\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u5358\u7d14\u306a\u64cd\u4f5c\u304b\u3089\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u307e\u3067\u3001\u3055\u307e\u3056\u307e\u306a\u3082\u306e\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002 2.2 \u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u30c8\u30a2 \u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u30c8\u30a2\u306f\u3001\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u5185\u306b\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u4fdd\u5b58\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u30ea\u30dd\u30b8\u30c8\u30ea\u3067\u3059\u3002\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30d9\u30fc\u30b9\u3001\u30d5\u30a1\u30a4\u30eb\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u305d\u306e\u4ed6\u306e\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b\u5f62\u5f0f\u306e\u30b9\u30c8\u30ec\u30fc\u30b8\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002 2.3 \u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30d5\u30ed\u30fc \u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30d5\u30ed\u30fc\u306f\u3001\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3001\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u30c8\u30a2\u3001\u5916\u90e8\u30a8\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u9593\u3067\u306e\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306e\u79fb\u52d5\u3092\u8868\u3059\u77e2\u5370\u3067\u3059\u3002\u60c5\u5831\u304c\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u5185\u3067\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u79fb\u52d5\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3092\u793a\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002 2.4 \u5916\u90e8\u30a8\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30c6\u30a3 \u5916\u90e8\u30a8\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30c6\u30a3\u306f\u3001\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306e\u5916\u90e8\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u3001\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u3068\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3059\u308b\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u51fa\u6240\u307e\u305f\u306f\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u3067\u3059\u3002\u30e6\u30fc\u30b6\u30fc\u3001\u4ed6\u306e\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u30bb\u30f3\u30b5\u30fc\u306a\u3069\u3082\u542b\u307e\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002 3. \u30eb\u30fc\u30eb\u3068\u69cb\u6210\u8981\u7d20 DFD\u306f\u9650\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u69cb\u6210\u8981\u7d20\u3068\u7c21\u5358\u306a\u30eb\u30fc\u30eb\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u7406\u89e3\u3057\u3084\u3059\u3044\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30d5\u30ed\u30fc\u56f3\u306b\u308f\u305f\u3063\u3066\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u30eb\u30fc\u30eb\u304c\u4e00\u8cab\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u4e00\u8cab\u6027\u3068\u660e\u78ba\u3055\u304c\u4fdd\u305f\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002 4. DFD\u306e\u5229\u70b9 4.1 \u30b3\u30e9\u30dc\u30ec\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3 DFD\u306f\u3001\u30bd\u30d5\u30c8\u30a6\u30a7\u30a2\u30a8\u30f3\u30b8\u30cb\u30a2\u3001\u9867\u5ba2\u3001\u30e6\u30fc\u30b6\u30fc\u9593\u3067\u306e\u52b9\u679c\u7684\u306a\u5354\u529b\u3092\u4fc3\u9032\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u56f3\u306e\u8996\u899a\u7684\u306a\u6027\u8cea\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u6982\u5ff5\u304c\u7c21\u7d20\u5316\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002 4.2 \u5206\u6790\u3068\u4ed5\u69d8\u5316 DFD\u306f\u3001\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u8981\u4ef6\u306e\u5206\u6790\u304a\u3088\u3073\u4ed5\u69d8\u5316\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3067\u3059\u3002\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u6d41\u308c\u306b\u6ce8\u76ee\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306e\u52d5\u4f5c\u306e\u4ed5\u7d44\u307f\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u7406\u89e3\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002 5. 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