{"id":6556,"date":"2026-02-05T10:02:50","date_gmt":"2026-02-05T02:02:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/vn\/mastering-erd-design-tips-and-tricks-for-effective-database-modeling\/"},"modified":"2026-02-05T10:02:50","modified_gmt":"2026-02-05T02:02:50","slug":"mastering-erd-design-tips-and-tricks-for-effective-database-modeling","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/vn\/mastering-erd-design-tips-and-tricks-for-effective-database-modeling\/","title":{"rendered":"Th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD: M\u1eb9o v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3"},"content":{"rendered":"

Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/h2>\n

S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Entiti-Quan h\u1ec7 (ERD) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Ch\u00fang cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau. ERD \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 logic trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, gi\u00fap t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1o n\u00ean ERD, cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

\"What<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ERD. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1ed7i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m Sinh vi\u00ean, Kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. Ch\u00fang x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong m\u1ed7i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 Sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 M\u00e3SinhVi\u00ean, H\u1ecd, T\u00ean, v\u00e0 Ng\u00e0ySinh. C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n (nguy\u00ean t\u1eed) ho\u1eb7c h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh (g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh con).<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Ch\u00fang x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau. C\u00f3 ba lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh trong ERD:<\/p>\n

        a. M\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-m\u1ed9t (1:1): Trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-m\u1ed9t, m\u1ed7i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi \u0111\u00fang m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 H\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 Sinh vi\u00ean theo m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 1:1.<\/p>\n

        b. M\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u (1:N): Trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u, m\u1ed7i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 Sinh vi\u00ean li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 Kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc theo m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 1:N, v\u00ec m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

        c. Nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u (N:M): Trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u, nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 N:M trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan h\u1ec7, th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng trung gian, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c trong m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 \u201c1\u201d cho m\u1ed9t, \u201cN\u201d cho nhi\u1ec1u, v\u00e0 \u201c0\u201d cho kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0o. Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00ec n\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh danh duy nh\u1ea5t cho m\u1ed7i b\u1ea3n ghi (h\u00e0ng) trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i b\u1ea3n ghi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh duy nh\u1ea5t trong b\u1ea3ng. Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh. Trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1c. Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u li\u00ean quan t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham chi\u1ebfu. Ch\u00fang gi\u00fap duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n tham chi\u1ebfu trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

                \n
              1. Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 y\u1ebfu<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 cha (ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu) \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh danh t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 y\u1ebfu th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt k\u00e9p trong ERD v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 cha.<\/p>\n

                M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u: M\u1eb9o v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 thu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 ERD<\/h2>\n

                Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Entiti-Quan h\u1ec7 (ERD) hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed1t. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1eb9o v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 thu\u1eadt gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c ERD r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a:<\/p>\n

                \"GitHub<\/p>\n

                1. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng:<\/strong>Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ebd ERD c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang. Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 n\u1eafm v\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n

                2. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n:<\/strong>Tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u Crow\u2019s Foot ho\u1eb7c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u Chen. S\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n trong k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u ERD c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u nguy c\u01a1 hi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea7m.<\/p>\n

                3. Ch\u1ecdn t\u00ean th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a:<\/strong>\u0110\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 sao cho ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c m\u00e0 ch\u00fang m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho ERD c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

                4. Tr\u00e1nh qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i:<\/strong>Tr\u00e1nh l\u00e0m qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i ERD c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 duy nh\u1ea5t. Chia nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n d\u1ec5 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o nhi\u1ec1u s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

                5. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u cardinality ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p:<\/strong>Ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng cardinality (1:1, 1:N, N:M) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p ho\u1eb7c ch\u00fa th\u00edch v\u0103n b\u1ea3n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n

                6. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 y\u1ebfu:<\/strong>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 y\u1ebfu trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt k\u00e9p ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fang v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng (m\u1ea1nh).<\/p>\n

                7. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i:<\/strong>Ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh trong m\u1ed7i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh danh duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n

                8. Duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tri\u1ec3n khai c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

                9. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fa th\u00edch v\u00e0 ghi ch\u00fa:<\/strong>Th\u00eam ch\u00fa th\u00edch ho\u1eb7c ghi ch\u00fa \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3.<\/p>\n

                10. \u0110\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7:<\/strong>\u0110\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00ean m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. H\u00e3y c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1eef s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u1edf m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u trong khi v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

                11. Ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u:<\/strong>Ki\u1ec3m tra th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng mong mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

                12. H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i:<\/strong>H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan, nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c trong nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ec3 tinh ch\u1ec9nh s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

                13. L\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i:<\/strong>Theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ghi ch\u00e9p qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

                14. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD:<\/strong>C\u00e2n nh\u1eafc s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD nh\u01b0 Lucidchart, draw.io ho\u1eb7c ERDPlus. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i k\u00e8m c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

                15. Ghi ch\u00e9p c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh:<\/strong>N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, h\u00e3y ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang. C\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap l\u00e0m r\u00f5 c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o cho c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n

                16. Xem x\u00e9t v\u00e0 tinh ch\u1ec9nh:<\/strong>Xem x\u00e9t v\u00e0 tinh ch\u1ec9nh s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 khi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n. Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

                T\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n qua th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n theo nh\u1eefng m\u1eb9o v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

                K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n

                S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 – Quan h\u1ec7 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Ch\u00fang cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c quan v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 cardinality c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Khi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu trong quy tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Entiti-Quan h\u1ec7 (ERD) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Ch\u00fang cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau. ERD \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 logic trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, gi\u00fap t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1o n\u00ean ERD, cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. \u00a0 Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ERD. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1ed7i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m Sinh vi\u00ean, Kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean. Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. Ch\u00fang x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong m\u1ed7i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 Sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 M\u00e3SinhVi\u00ean, H\u1ecd, T\u00ean, v\u00e0 Ng\u00e0ySinh. C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n (nguy\u00ean t\u1eed) ho\u1eb7c h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh (g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh con). M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Ch\u00fang x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau. C\u00f3 ba lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh trong ERD: a. M\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-m\u1ed9t (1:1): Trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-m\u1ed9t, m\u1ed7i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi \u0111\u00fang m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 H\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 Sinh vi\u00ean theo m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 1:1. b. M\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u (1:N): Trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u, m\u1ed7i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 Sinh vi\u00ean li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 Kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc theo m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 1:N, v\u00ec m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. c. Nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u (N:M): Trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u, nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 N:M trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan h\u1ec7, th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng trung gian, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c trong m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 \u201c1\u201d cho m\u1ed9t, \u201cN\u201d cho nhi\u1ec1u, v\u00e0 \u201c0\u201d cho kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0o. Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00ec n\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh danh duy nh\u1ea5t cho m\u1ed7i b\u1ea3n ghi (h\u00e0ng) trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i b\u1ea3n ghi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh duy nh\u1ea5t trong b\u1ea3ng. Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh. Trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1c. Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u li\u00ean quan t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham chi\u1ebfu. Ch\u00fang gi\u00fap duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n tham chi\u1ebfu trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 y\u1ebfu C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 cha (ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu) \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh danh t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 y\u1ebfu th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt k\u00e9p trong ERD v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 cha. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u: M\u1eb9o v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 thu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 ERD Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Entiti-Quan h\u1ec7 (ERD) hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed1t. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1eb9o v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 thu\u1eadt gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c ERD r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a: 1. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng:Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ebd ERD c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang. Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 n\u1eafm v\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu. 2. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n:Tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u Crow\u2019s Foot ho\u1eb7c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u Chen. S\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n trong k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u ERD c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u nguy c\u01a1Th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD: M\u1eb9o v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6557,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"","_eb_attr":"","neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6556","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-data-modeling-database"],"yoast_head":"\nTh\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD: M\u1eb9o v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 - Visual Paradigm Guides Vietnamese<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/vn\/mastering-erd-design-tips-and-tricks-for-effective-database-modeling\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"vi_VN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD: M\u1eb9o v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 - Visual Paradigm Guides Vietnamese\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Entiti-Quan h\u1ec7 (ERD) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Ch\u00fang cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau. ERD \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 logic trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, gi\u00fap t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1o n\u00ean ERD, cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. \u00a0 Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ERD. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1ed7i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m Sinh vi\u00ean, Kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean. Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. Ch\u00fang x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong m\u1ed7i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 Sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 M\u00e3SinhVi\u00ean, H\u1ecd, T\u00ean, v\u00e0 Ng\u00e0ySinh. C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n (nguy\u00ean t\u1eed) ho\u1eb7c h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh (g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh con). M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Ch\u00fang x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau. C\u00f3 ba lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh trong ERD: a. M\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-m\u1ed9t (1:1): Trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-m\u1ed9t, m\u1ed7i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi \u0111\u00fang m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 H\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 Sinh vi\u00ean theo m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 1:1. b. M\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u (1:N): Trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u, m\u1ed7i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 Sinh vi\u00ean li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 Kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc theo m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 1:N, v\u00ec m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. c. Nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u (N:M): Trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u, nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 N:M trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan h\u1ec7, th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng trung gian, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c trong m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 \u201c1\u201d cho m\u1ed9t, \u201cN\u201d cho nhi\u1ec1u, v\u00e0 \u201c0\u201d cho kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0o. Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00ec n\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh danh duy nh\u1ea5t cho m\u1ed7i b\u1ea3n ghi (h\u00e0ng) trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i b\u1ea3n ghi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh duy nh\u1ea5t trong b\u1ea3ng. Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh. Trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1c. Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u li\u00ean quan t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham chi\u1ebfu. Ch\u00fang gi\u00fap duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n tham chi\u1ebfu trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 y\u1ebfu C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 cha (ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu) \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh danh t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 y\u1ebfu th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt k\u00e9p trong ERD v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 cha. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u: M\u1eb9o v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 thu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 ERD Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Entiti-Quan h\u1ec7 (ERD) hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed1t. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1eb9o v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 thu\u1eadt gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c ERD r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a: 1. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng:Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ebd ERD c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang. Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 n\u1eafm v\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu. 2. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n:Tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u Crow\u2019s Foot ho\u1eb7c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u Chen. 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Visual Paradigm Guides Vietnamese","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/vn\/mastering-erd-design-tips-and-tricks-for-effective-database-modeling\/","og_locale":"vi_VN","og_type":"article","og_title":"Th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD: M\u1eb9o v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 - Visual Paradigm Guides Vietnamese","og_description":"Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Entiti-Quan h\u1ec7 (ERD) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Ch\u00fang cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau. ERD \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 logic trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, gi\u00fap t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1o n\u00ean ERD, cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. \u00a0 Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ERD. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1ed7i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m Sinh vi\u00ean, Kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean. Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. Ch\u00fang x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong m\u1ed7i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 Sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 M\u00e3SinhVi\u00ean, H\u1ecd, T\u00ean, v\u00e0 Ng\u00e0ySinh. C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n (nguy\u00ean t\u1eed) ho\u1eb7c h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh (g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh con). M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Ch\u00fang x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau. C\u00f3 ba lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh trong ERD: a. M\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-m\u1ed9t (1:1): Trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-m\u1ed9t, m\u1ed7i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi \u0111\u00fang m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 H\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 Sinh vi\u00ean theo m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 1:1. b. M\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u (1:N): Trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u, m\u1ed7i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 Sinh vi\u00ean li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 Kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc theo m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 1:N, v\u00ec m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. c. Nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u (N:M): Trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u, nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 N:M trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan h\u1ec7, th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng trung gian, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c trong m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 \u201c1\u201d cho m\u1ed9t, \u201cN\u201d cho nhi\u1ec1u, v\u00e0 \u201c0\u201d cho kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0o. Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00ec n\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh danh duy nh\u1ea5t cho m\u1ed7i b\u1ea3n ghi (h\u00e0ng) trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i b\u1ea3n ghi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh duy nh\u1ea5t trong b\u1ea3ng. Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh. Trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1c. Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u li\u00ean quan t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham chi\u1ebfu. Ch\u00fang gi\u00fap duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n tham chi\u1ebfu trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 y\u1ebfu C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 cha (ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu) \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh danh t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 y\u1ebfu th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt k\u00e9p trong ERD v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 cha. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u: M\u1eb9o v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 thu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 ERD Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Entiti-Quan h\u1ec7 (ERD) hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed1t. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1eb9o v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 thu\u1eadt gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c ERD r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a: 1. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng:Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ebd ERD c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang. Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 n\u1eafm v\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu. 2. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n:Tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u Crow\u2019s Foot ho\u1eb7c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u Chen. 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