{"id":6562,"date":"2026-02-05T10:13:07","date_gmt":"2026-02-05T02:13:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/vn\/effective-software-design-balancing-class-diagrams-and-erds\/"},"modified":"2026-02-05T10:13:07","modified_gmt":"2026-02-05T02:13:07","slug":"effective-software-design-balancing-class-diagrams-and-erds","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/vn\/effective-software-design-balancing-class-diagrams-and-erds\/","title":{"rendered":"Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3: C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><strong>Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn. Hai c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD). S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta h\u00ecnh dung c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, trong khi ERD gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a cho s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u1eb1m \u1edf vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ra s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn gi\u1eefa hai kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<p><img alt=\"Different Inheritance Strategies\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/table_per_subclass_27387.png\"\/><\/p>\n<h2>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp so v\u1edbi ERD<\/h2>\n<p>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) l\u00e0 hai lo\u1ea1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau \u1edf ch\u1ed7 c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 trong vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp:<\/strong>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Ch\u00fang t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc k\u1ebf th\u1eeba.<\/li>\n<li><strong>ERD (S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3):<\/strong>ERD \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Ch\u00fang t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (b\u1ea3ng), thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang (c\u1ed9t) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y. ERD th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp:<\/strong>Trong m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 li\u00ean k\u1ebft, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t\/h\u00f3a \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t (k\u1ebf th\u1eeba) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c.<\/li>\n<li><strong>ERD:<\/strong>Trong m\u1ed9t ERD, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (b\u1ea3ng), thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh (c\u1ed9t), m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 (m\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-m\u1ed9t, m\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u, nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a (kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh, kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 ERD:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd gi\u1eefa m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng (ERD) v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c1nh x\u1ea1 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 sang l\u1edbp:<\/strong>Trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, m\u1ed7i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong ERD c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 sang m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 &#8220;Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean&#8221; trong ERD c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp &#8220;Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean&#8221; trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c1nh x\u1ea1 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh:<\/strong>C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (c\u1ed9t) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 sang thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh &#8220;T\u00ean&#8221; trong ERD c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh &#8220;name&#8221; trong l\u1edbp.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c1nh x\u1ea1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7:<\/strong>C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong ERD c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1eefa th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 &#8220;\u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng&#8221; v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 &#8220;Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng&#8221; trong ERD c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa l\u1edbp &#8220;\u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng&#8221; v\u00e0 l\u1edbp &#8220;Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng&#8221; trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c1nh x\u1ea1 kh\u00f3a:<\/strong>Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh trong ERD \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh danh duy nh\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f3a trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>C\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c nhau:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ea5p cao c\u1ee7a \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang.<\/li>\n<li>Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ERD t\u1eadp trung nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 truy xu\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 ERD ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, v\u00ec m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n trong ERD th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c l\u1edbp v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n<h2>T\u00f3m t\u1eaft v\u1ec1 ERD v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp<\/h2>\n<p>D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng so s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh<\/th>\n<th>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp<\/th>\n<th>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u0129nh v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1edbp v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/td>\n<td>M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>C\u00e1c l\u1edbp, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c.<\/td>\n<td>C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh (c\u1ed9t), m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 (m\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-m\u1ed9t, m\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u, nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u), kh\u00f3a (ch\u00ednh, ngo\u1ea1i).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>C\u00e1c l\u1edbp, li\u00ean k\u1ebft, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t\/h\u00f3a \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c.<\/td>\n<td>C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (b\u1ea3ng), thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh (c\u1ed9t), m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 (li\u00ean k\u1ebft), kh\u00f3a (ch\u00ednh, ngo\u1ea1i).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/td>\n<td>\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1edbp v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang.<\/td>\n<td>Bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u00c1nh x\u1ea1<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u00c1nh x\u1ea1 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp sang th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh l\u1edbp sang thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, li\u00ean k\u1ebft sang m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c sang r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/td>\n<td>\u00c1nh x\u1ea1 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 sang l\u1edbp, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 sang thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh l\u1edbp, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 sang li\u00ean k\u1ebft, v\u00e0 kh\u00f3a sang \u0111\u1ecbnh danh duy nh\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea5p cao v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang.<\/td>\n<td>T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p v\u1ec1 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 truy xu\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>C\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/td>\n<td>Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a UML (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: UMLet, Lucidchart, Enterprise Architect).<\/td>\n<td>H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: MySQL Workbench, ERwin, dbForge Studio).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>C\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (ERD) v\u00ec m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u1edbp v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh.<\/td>\n<td>ERD th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cho m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u1edbp.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>H\u00e3y nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 ERD c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m kh\u00e1c nhau, ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f9ng nhau trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 t\u1ed1t, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 truy xu\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n<h2>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o v\u00e0 khi n\u00e0o?<\/h2>\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp hay s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 &#8211; m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 (ERD) ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c khi n\u00e0o n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n<p><strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp khi:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng:<\/strong>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t khi b\u1ea1n \u0111ang thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, n\u01a1i b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/li>\n<li><strong>M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m:<\/strong>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp h\u1eefu \u00edch trong vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n:<\/strong>Ch\u00fang h\u1eefu \u00edch trong vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kho m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n.<\/li>\n<li><strong>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ghi l\u1ea1i logic kinh doanh:<\/strong>N\u1ebfu tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 ghi l\u1ea1i logic kinh doanh v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 &#8211; m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 (ERD) khi:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>ERD \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 b\u00ean trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ERD khi m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, truy xu\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>Khi b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cho \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ERD l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng, c\u1ed9t, kh\u00f3a v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7.<\/li>\n<li><strong>M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>ERD \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng n\u01a1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 y t\u1ebf, t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>Ch\u00fang r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n tham chi\u1ebfu trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan h\u1ec7.<\/li>\n<li><strong>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>ERD gi\u00fap x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (b\u1ea3ng) trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Trong nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 ERD \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng song song. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, trong khi ERD gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng. Hai s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Do \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp sang ERD l\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn khi b\u1ea1n \u0111ang thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>T\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p h\u00e0i h\u00f2a gi\u1eefa s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ch\u00fang ta x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed1t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef, truy xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u01a1n tru.<\/p>\n<p>Trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u khi n\u00e0o n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eebng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ea5p cao v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD t\u1ecfa s\u00e1ng trong vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 truy xu\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa hai c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. \u0110\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh n\u0103ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u1ea3 nhu c\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00ec v\u1eady, d\u00f9 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u1edbi hay tinh ch\u1ec9nh m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3, h\u00e3y nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn trong vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u Trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn. Hai c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD). S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta h\u00ecnh dung c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, trong khi ERD gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a cho s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u1eb1m \u1edf vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ra s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn gi\u1eefa hai kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu n\u00e0y. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp so v\u1edbi ERD S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) l\u00e0 hai lo\u1ea1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau \u1edf ch\u1ed7 c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 trong vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp:S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Ch\u00fang t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc k\u1ebf th\u1eeba. ERD (S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3):ERD \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Ch\u00fang t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (b\u1ea3ng), thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang (c\u1ed9t) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y. ERD th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp:Trong m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 li\u00ean k\u1ebft, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t\/h\u00f3a \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t (k\u1ebf th\u1eeba) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c. ERD:Trong m\u1ed9t ERD, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (b\u1ea3ng), thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh (c\u1ed9t), m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 (m\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-m\u1ed9t, m\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u, nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a (kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh, kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i). M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 ERD: Trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd gi\u1eefa m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng (ERD) v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp). \u00c1nh x\u1ea1 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 sang l\u1edbp:Trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, m\u1ed7i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong ERD c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 sang m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 &#8220;Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean&#8221; trong ERD c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp &#8220;Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean&#8221; trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u00c1nh x\u1ea1 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh:C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (c\u1ed9t) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 sang thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh &#8220;T\u00ean&#8221; trong ERD c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh &#8220;name&#8221; trong l\u1edbp. \u00c1nh x\u1ea1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7:C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong ERD c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1eefa th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 &#8220;\u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng&#8221; v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 &#8220;Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng&#8221; trong ERD c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa l\u1edbp &#8220;\u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng&#8221; v\u00e0 l\u1edbp &#8220;Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng&#8221; trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp. \u00c1nh x\u1ea1 kh\u00f3a:Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh trong ERD \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh danh duy nh\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f3a trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp. C\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c nhau: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ea5p cao c\u1ee7a \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ERD t\u1eadp trung nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 truy xu\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 ERD ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, v\u00ec m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n trong ERD th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c l\u1edbp v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u1edbi nhau. T\u00f3m t\u1eaft v\u1ec1 ERD v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng so s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m: Kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch Bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u0129nh v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1edbp v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m C\u00e1c l\u1edbp, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c. C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh (c\u1ed9t), m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 (m\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-m\u1ed9t, m\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u, nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u), kh\u00f3a (ch\u00ednh, ngo\u1ea1i). C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n C\u00e1c l\u1edbp, li\u00ean k\u1ebft, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t\/h\u00f3a \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c. C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (b\u1ea3ng), thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh (c\u1ed9t), m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 (li\u00ean k\u1ebft), kh\u00f3a (ch\u00ednh, ngo\u1ea1i). Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n Bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1edbp v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang. Bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. \u00c1nh x\u1ea1 \u00c1nh x\u1ea1 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp sang th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh l\u1edbp sang<a href=\"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/vn\/effective-software-design-balancing-class-diagrams-and-erds\/\" rel=\"bookmark\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3: C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6563,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"","_eb_attr":"","neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[17,7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6562","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-data-modeling-database","category-uml"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3: C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 - Visual Paradigm Guides Vietnamese<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/vn\/effective-software-design-balancing-class-diagrams-and-erds\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"vi_VN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3: C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 - Visual Paradigm Guides Vietnamese\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u Trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn. Hai c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD). S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta h\u00ecnh dung c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, trong khi ERD gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a cho s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u1eb1m \u1edf vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ra s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn gi\u1eefa hai kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu n\u00e0y. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp so v\u1edbi ERD S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) l\u00e0 hai lo\u1ea1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau \u1edf ch\u1ed7 c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 trong vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp:S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Ch\u00fang t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc k\u1ebf th\u1eeba. ERD (S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3):ERD \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Ch\u00fang t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (b\u1ea3ng), thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang (c\u1ed9t) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y. ERD th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp:Trong m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 li\u00ean k\u1ebft, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t\/h\u00f3a \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t (k\u1ebf th\u1eeba) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c. ERD:Trong m\u1ed9t ERD, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (b\u1ea3ng), thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh (c\u1ed9t), m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 (m\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-m\u1ed9t, m\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u, nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a (kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh, kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i). M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 ERD: Trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd gi\u1eefa m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng (ERD) v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp). \u00c1nh x\u1ea1 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 sang l\u1edbp:Trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, m\u1ed7i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong ERD c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 sang m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 &#8220;Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean&#8221; trong ERD c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp &#8220;Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean&#8221; trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u00c1nh x\u1ea1 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh:C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (c\u1ed9t) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 sang thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh &#8220;T\u00ean&#8221; trong ERD c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh &#8220;name&#8221; trong l\u1edbp. \u00c1nh x\u1ea1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7:C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong ERD c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1eefa th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 &#8220;\u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng&#8221; v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 &#8220;Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng&#8221; trong ERD c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa l\u1edbp &#8220;\u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng&#8221; v\u00e0 l\u1edbp &#8220;Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng&#8221; trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp. \u00c1nh x\u1ea1 kh\u00f3a:Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh trong ERD \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh danh duy nh\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f3a trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp. C\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c nhau: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ea5p cao c\u1ee7a \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ERD t\u1eadp trung nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 truy xu\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 ERD ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, v\u00ec m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n trong ERD th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c l\u1edbp v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u1edbi nhau. T\u00f3m t\u1eaft v\u1ec1 ERD v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng so s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m: Kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch Bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u0129nh v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1edbp v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m C\u00e1c l\u1edbp, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c. C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh (c\u1ed9t), m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 (m\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-m\u1ed9t, m\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u, nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u), kh\u00f3a (ch\u00ednh, ngo\u1ea1i). C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n C\u00e1c l\u1edbp, li\u00ean k\u1ebft, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t\/h\u00f3a \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c. C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (b\u1ea3ng), thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh (c\u1ed9t), m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 (li\u00ean k\u1ebft), kh\u00f3a (ch\u00ednh, ngo\u1ea1i). Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. 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Visual Paradigm Guides Vietnamese","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/vn\/effective-software-design-balancing-class-diagrams-and-erds\/","og_locale":"vi_VN","og_type":"article","og_title":"Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3: C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 - Visual Paradigm Guides Vietnamese","og_description":"Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u Trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn. Hai c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD). S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta h\u00ecnh dung c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, trong khi ERD gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a cho s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u1eb1m \u1edf vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ra s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn gi\u1eefa hai kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu n\u00e0y. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp so v\u1edbi ERD S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) l\u00e0 hai lo\u1ea1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau \u1edf ch\u1ed7 c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 trong vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp:S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Ch\u00fang t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc k\u1ebf th\u1eeba. ERD (S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3):ERD \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Ch\u00fang t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (b\u1ea3ng), thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang (c\u1ed9t) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y. ERD th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp:Trong m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 li\u00ean k\u1ebft, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t\/h\u00f3a \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t (k\u1ebf th\u1eeba) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c. ERD:Trong m\u1ed9t ERD, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (b\u1ea3ng), thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh (c\u1ed9t), m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 (m\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-m\u1ed9t, m\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u, nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a (kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh, kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i). M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 ERD: Trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd gi\u1eefa m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng (ERD) v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp). \u00c1nh x\u1ea1 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 sang l\u1edbp:Trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, m\u1ed7i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong ERD c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 sang m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 &#8220;Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean&#8221; trong ERD c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp &#8220;Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean&#8221; trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u00c1nh x\u1ea1 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh:C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (c\u1ed9t) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 sang thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh &#8220;T\u00ean&#8221; trong ERD c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh &#8220;name&#8221; trong l\u1edbp. \u00c1nh x\u1ea1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7:C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong ERD c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1eefa th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 &#8220;\u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng&#8221; v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 &#8220;Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng&#8221; trong ERD c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa l\u1edbp &#8220;\u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng&#8221; v\u00e0 l\u1edbp &#8220;Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng&#8221; trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp. \u00c1nh x\u1ea1 kh\u00f3a:Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh trong ERD \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh danh duy nh\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f3a trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp. C\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c nhau: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ea5p cao c\u1ee7a \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ERD t\u1eadp trung nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 truy xu\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 ERD ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, v\u00ec m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n trong ERD th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c l\u1edbp v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u1edbi nhau. T\u00f3m t\u1eaft v\u1ec1 ERD v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng so s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m: Kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch Bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u0129nh v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1edbp v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m C\u00e1c l\u1edbp, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c. C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh (c\u1ed9t), m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 (m\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-m\u1ed9t, m\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u, nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u), kh\u00f3a (ch\u00ednh, ngo\u1ea1i). C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n C\u00e1c l\u1edbp, li\u00ean k\u1ebft, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t\/h\u00f3a \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c. C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (b\u1ea3ng), thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh (c\u1ed9t), m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 (li\u00ean k\u1ebft), kh\u00f3a (ch\u00ednh, ngo\u1ea1i). Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n Bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1edbp v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang. 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