{"id":6566,"date":"2026-02-05T10:20:21","date_gmt":"2026-02-05T02:20:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/vn\/mastering-advanced-erd-modeling-a-comprehensive-tutorial-with-examples\/"},"modified":"2026-02-05T10:20:21","modified_gmt":"2026-02-05T02:20:21","slug":"mastering-advanced-erd-modeling-a-comprehensive-tutorial-with-examples","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/vn\/mastering-advanced-erd-modeling-a-comprehensive-tutorial-with-examples\/","title":{"rendered":"Th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a ERD n\u00e2ng cao: M\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3>1. Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 ERD<\/h3>\n<p>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Entiti-Quan h\u1ec7 (ERD) \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 tr\u1ef1c quan m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eebng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. ERD c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00ec ch\u00fang h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh y\u00eau c\u1ea7u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, ch\u00fang xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc trong vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 giao ti\u1ebfp kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu cho c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 phi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt trong c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n<h4>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 ERD<\/h4>\n<p>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Entiti-Quan h\u1ec7 (ERD) t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 minh h\u1ecda c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 b\u00ean trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t ERD tr\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy \u01b0\u1edbc m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong m\u1ed9t ERD t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea b\u00ean trong. C\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e3n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t ERD t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o:<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><img alt=\"Data Modeling \/ Database Archives - Visual Paradigm Guides\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/ERD-for-bookstore.png\"\/><\/p>\n<h3>2. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ERD<\/h3>\n<p>Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e2ng cao, h\u00e3y c\u00f9ng xem l\u1ea1i nhanh c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ERD:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u1eb7c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3. C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt trong ERD.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh:<\/strong>M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh elip k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng.<\/li>\n<li><strong>M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7:<\/strong>Minh h\u1ecda c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau. C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00e8m theo m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5m \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft.<\/li>\n<li><strong>S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng:<\/strong>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng bao g\u1ed3m \u201c1\u201d cho m\u1ed9t, \u201cN\u201d cho nhi\u1ec1u, v\u00e0 \u201c0..1\u201d cho c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img alt=\"Database Design: Entity-Relationship Diagrams\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media.licdn.com\/dms\/image\/C4E12AQFi-hyezhBdrQ\/article-inline_image-shrink_400_744\/0\/1595709329280?e=1700092800&amp;v=beta&amp;t=iO_kjMb158XWfPP4o1bbnTB1TxJ9EQrf2CuXQVXRhMg\"\/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh (PK):<\/strong>Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh danh duy nh\u1ea5t cho m\u1ed7i b\u1ea3n ghi (h\u00e0ng) trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng r\u1ed7ng, l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng cho t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 truy xu\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Trong ERD, kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ea1ch ch\u00e2n b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i (FK):<\/strong>Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong hai b\u1ea3ng. Trong ERD, kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng li\u1ec1n n\u1ed1i hai th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00e8m theo m\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u201c1:N\u201d cho m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t-\u0111a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>3. C\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ERD n\u00e2ng cao<\/h3>\n<h4>a. C\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u con v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u cha<\/h4>\n<p>Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u con, m\u1ed7i ki\u1ec3u c\u00f3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00ed d\u1ee5: X\u00e9t m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u con l\u00e0 \u201cNh\u00e2n vi\u00ean\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cKh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng.\u201d Ki\u1ec3u con \u201cNh\u00e2n vi\u00ean\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 \u201cM\u00e3 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cNg\u00e0y tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng,\u201d trong khi ki\u1ec3u con \u201cKh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng\u201d c\u00f3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 \u201cM\u00e3 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cNg\u00e0y \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd.\u201d<\/p>\n<h4>b. C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/h4>\n<p>C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111a gi\u1eefa hai th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. Ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111a.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Trong m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u201cSinh vi\u00ean\u201d v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u201cKh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc.\u201d \u0110\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111a gi\u1eefa sinh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u201c\u0110\u0103ng k\u00fd\u201d v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 \u201cM\u00e3 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cNg\u00e0y \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd.\u201d<\/p>\n<h4>c. C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111a gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/h4>\n<p>C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111a gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 duy nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh elip k\u00e9p g\u1eafn v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u201cS\u00e1ch,\u201d b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111a gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u201cT\u00e1c gi\u1ea3\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ean t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3.<\/p>\n<h4>d. Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh suy ra<\/h4>\n<p>C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh suy ra l\u00e0 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh elip n\u00e9t \u0111\u1ee9t.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh suy ra l\u00e0 \u201cTu\u1ed5i\u201d, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u201cNg\u00e0y sinh.\u201d<\/p>\n<h3>4. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD n\u00e2ng cao<\/h3>\n<h4>a. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n<\/h4>\n<p>H\u00e3y c\u00f9ng t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD cho m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e2ng cao:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3: S\u00e1ch, T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, Sinh vi\u00ean, Th\u1ee7 th\u01b0, Giao d\u1ecbch<\/li>\n<li>C\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u con: Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean (Th\u1ee7 th\u01b0), Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng (Sinh vi\u00ean)<\/li>\n<li>Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft: B\u1ea3n sao s\u00e1ch (\u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n sao c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch)<\/li>\n<li>Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb: T\u00ean t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/li>\n<li>Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh suy ra: Tu\u1ed5i sinh vi\u00ean<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/img_6503c87d730a5.png\"\/><\/p>\n<h4>b. N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed<\/h4>\n<p>Xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng n\u00e2ng cao:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng, Thanh to\u00e1n<\/li>\n<li>C\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u con: Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n<\/li>\n<li>Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft: Chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng (\u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng)<\/li>\n<li>Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb: Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: k\u00edch c\u1ee1, m\u00e0u s\u1eafc)<\/li>\n<li>Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh suy ra: T\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1 \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/img_6503c87dd903b.png\"\/><\/p>\n<h3>6. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h3>\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD n\u00e2ng cao bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u con, ki\u1ec3u cha, th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh suy ra l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n. V\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1. Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 ERD S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Entiti-Quan h\u1ec7 (ERD) \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 tr\u1ef1c quan m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eebng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. ERD c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00ec ch\u00fang h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh y\u00eau c\u1ea7u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, ch\u00fang xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc trong vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 giao ti\u1ebfp kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu cho c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 phi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt trong c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 ERD S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Entiti-Quan h\u1ec7 (ERD) t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 minh h\u1ecda c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 b\u00ean trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. C\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t ERD tr\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy \u01b0\u1edbc m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong m\u1ed9t ERD t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea b\u00ean trong. C\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e3n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t ERD t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o: \u00a0 2. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ERD Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e2ng cao, h\u00e3y c\u00f9ng xem l\u1ea1i nhanh c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ERD: Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3:\u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u1eb7c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3. C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt trong ERD. Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh:M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh elip k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7:Minh h\u1ecda c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau. C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00e8m theo m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5m \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng:X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng bao g\u1ed3m \u201c1\u201d cho m\u1ed9t, \u201cN\u201d cho nhi\u1ec1u, v\u00e0 \u201c0..1\u201d cho c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn. Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh (PK):Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh danh duy nh\u1ea5t cho m\u1ed7i b\u1ea3n ghi (h\u00e0ng) trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng r\u1ed7ng, l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng cho t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 truy xu\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Trong ERD, kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ea1ch ch\u00e2n b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i (FK):Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong hai b\u1ea3ng. Trong ERD, kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng li\u1ec1n n\u1ed1i hai th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00e8m theo m\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u201c1:N\u201d cho m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t-\u0111a. 3. C\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ERD n\u00e2ng cao a. C\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u con v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u cha Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u con, m\u1ed7i ki\u1ec3u c\u00f3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: X\u00e9t m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u con l\u00e0 \u201cNh\u00e2n vi\u00ean\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cKh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng.\u201d Ki\u1ec3u con \u201cNh\u00e2n vi\u00ean\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 \u201cM\u00e3 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cNg\u00e0y tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng,\u201d trong khi ki\u1ec3u con \u201cKh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng\u201d c\u00f3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 \u201cM\u00e3 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cNg\u00e0y \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd.\u201d b. C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111a gi\u1eefa hai th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. Ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111a. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Trong m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u201cSinh vi\u00ean\u201d v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u201cKh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc.\u201d \u0110\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111a gi\u1eefa sinh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u201c\u0110\u0103ng k\u00fd\u201d v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 \u201cM\u00e3 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cNg\u00e0y \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd.\u201d c. C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111a gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111a gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 duy nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh elip k\u00e9p g\u1eafn v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u201cS\u00e1ch,\u201d b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111a gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u201cT\u00e1c gi\u1ea3\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ean t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3. d. Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh suy ra C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh suy ra l\u00e0 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh elip n\u00e9t \u0111\u1ee9t. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh suy ra l\u00e0 \u201cTu\u1ed5i\u201d, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<a href=\"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/vn\/mastering-advanced-erd-modeling-a-comprehensive-tutorial-with-examples\/\" rel=\"bookmark\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a ERD n\u00e2ng cao: M\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6567,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"","_eb_attr":"","neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[17,8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6566","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-data-modeling-database","category-visual-modeling"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a ERD n\u00e2ng cao: M\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 - Visual Paradigm Guides Vietnamese<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/vn\/mastering-advanced-erd-modeling-a-comprehensive-tutorial-with-examples\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"vi_VN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a ERD n\u00e2ng cao: M\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 - Visual Paradigm Guides Vietnamese\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"1. Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 ERD S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Entiti-Quan h\u1ec7 (ERD) \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 tr\u1ef1c quan m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eebng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. ERD c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00ec ch\u00fang h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh y\u00eau c\u1ea7u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, ch\u00fang xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc trong vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 giao ti\u1ebfp kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu cho c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 phi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt trong c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 ERD S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Entiti-Quan h\u1ec7 (ERD) t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 minh h\u1ecda c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 b\u00ean trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. C\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t ERD tr\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy \u01b0\u1edbc m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong m\u1ed9t ERD t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea b\u00ean trong. C\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e3n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t ERD t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o: \u00a0 2. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ERD Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e2ng cao, h\u00e3y c\u00f9ng xem l\u1ea1i nhanh c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ERD: Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3:\u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u1eb7c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3. C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt trong ERD. Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh:M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh elip k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7:Minh h\u1ecda c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau. C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00e8m theo m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5m \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng:X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng bao g\u1ed3m \u201c1\u201d cho m\u1ed9t, \u201cN\u201d cho nhi\u1ec1u, v\u00e0 \u201c0..1\u201d cho c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn. Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh (PK):Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh danh duy nh\u1ea5t cho m\u1ed7i b\u1ea3n ghi (h\u00e0ng) trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng r\u1ed7ng, l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng cho t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 truy xu\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Trong ERD, kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ea1ch ch\u00e2n b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i (FK):Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong hai b\u1ea3ng. Trong ERD, kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng li\u1ec1n n\u1ed1i hai th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00e8m theo m\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u201c1:N\u201d cho m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t-\u0111a. 3. C\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ERD n\u00e2ng cao a. C\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u con v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u cha Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u con, m\u1ed7i ki\u1ec3u c\u00f3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: X\u00e9t m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u con l\u00e0 \u201cNh\u00e2n vi\u00ean\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cKh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng.\u201d Ki\u1ec3u con \u201cNh\u00e2n vi\u00ean\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 \u201cM\u00e3 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cNg\u00e0y tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng,\u201d trong khi ki\u1ec3u con \u201cKh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng\u201d c\u00f3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 \u201cM\u00e3 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cNg\u00e0y \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd.\u201d b. C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111a gi\u1eefa hai th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. Ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111a. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Trong m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u201cSinh vi\u00ean\u201d v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u201cKh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc.\u201d \u0110\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111a gi\u1eefa sinh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u201c\u0110\u0103ng k\u00fd\u201d v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 \u201cM\u00e3 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cNg\u00e0y \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd.\u201d c. C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111a gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111a gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 duy nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh elip k\u00e9p g\u1eafn v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u201cS\u00e1ch,\u201d b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111a gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u201cT\u00e1c gi\u1ea3\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ean t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3. d. Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh suy ra C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh suy ra l\u00e0 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh elip n\u00e9t \u0111\u1ee9t. 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Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 ERD S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Entiti-Quan h\u1ec7 (ERD) \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 tr\u1ef1c quan m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eebng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. ERD c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00ec ch\u00fang h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh y\u00eau c\u1ea7u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, ch\u00fang xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc trong vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 giao ti\u1ebfp kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu cho c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 phi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt trong c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 ERD S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Entiti-Quan h\u1ec7 (ERD) t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 minh h\u1ecda c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 b\u00ean trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. C\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t ERD tr\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy \u01b0\u1edbc m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong m\u1ed9t ERD t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea b\u00ean trong. C\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e3n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t ERD t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o: \u00a0 2. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ERD Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e2ng cao, h\u00e3y c\u00f9ng xem l\u1ea1i nhanh c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ERD: Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3:\u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u1eb7c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3. C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt trong ERD. Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh:M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh elip k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7:Minh h\u1ecda c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau. C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00e8m theo m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5m \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng:X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng bao g\u1ed3m \u201c1\u201d cho m\u1ed9t, \u201cN\u201d cho nhi\u1ec1u, v\u00e0 \u201c0..1\u201d cho c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn. Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh (PK):Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh danh duy nh\u1ea5t cho m\u1ed7i b\u1ea3n ghi (h\u00e0ng) trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng r\u1ed7ng, l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng cho t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 truy xu\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Trong ERD, kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ea1ch ch\u00e2n b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i (FK):Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong hai b\u1ea3ng. Trong ERD, kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng li\u1ec1n n\u1ed1i hai th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00e8m theo m\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u201c1:N\u201d cho m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t-\u0111a. 3. C\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ERD n\u00e2ng cao a. C\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u con v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u cha Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u con, m\u1ed7i ki\u1ec3u c\u00f3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: X\u00e9t m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u con l\u00e0 \u201cNh\u00e2n vi\u00ean\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cKh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng.\u201d Ki\u1ec3u con \u201cNh\u00e2n vi\u00ean\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 \u201cM\u00e3 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cNg\u00e0y tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng,\u201d trong khi ki\u1ec3u con \u201cKh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng\u201d c\u00f3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 \u201cM\u00e3 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cNg\u00e0y \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd.\u201d b. C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111a gi\u1eefa hai th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. Ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111a. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Trong m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u201cSinh vi\u00ean\u201d v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u201cKh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc.\u201d \u0110\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111a gi\u1eefa sinh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u201c\u0110\u0103ng k\u00fd\u201d v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 \u201cM\u00e3 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cNg\u00e0y \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd.\u201d c. C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111a gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111a gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 duy nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh elip k\u00e9p g\u1eafn v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u201cS\u00e1ch,\u201d b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111a gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u201cT\u00e1c gi\u1ea3\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ean t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3. d. Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh suy ra C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh suy ra l\u00e0 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh elip n\u00e9t \u0111\u1ee9t. 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