{"id":6759,"date":"2026-02-05T23:28:59","date_gmt":"2026-02-05T15:28:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/vn\/introduction-to-state-diagrams-a-comprehensive-guide-for-software-engineering\/"},"modified":"2026-02-05T23:28:59","modified_gmt":"2026-02-05T15:28:59","slug":"introduction-to-state-diagrams-a-comprehensive-guide-for-software-engineering","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/vn\/introduction-to-state-diagrams-a-comprehensive-guide-for-software-engineering\/","title":{"rendered":"Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n cho k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u00e0 g\u00ec<\/h2>\n<p>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a tr\u1ef1c quan ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1edf v\u00e0o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n g\u00e2y ra chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c nhau, bao g\u1ed3m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a quy tr\u00ecnh kinh doanh. Trong h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u00fang cho c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n<div class=\"flex-1 overflow-hidden\">\n<div class=\"react-scroll-to-bottom--css-xagbp-79elbk h-full dark:bg-gray-800\">\n<div class=\"react-scroll-to-bottom--css-xagbp-1n7m0yu\">\n<div class=\"flex flex-col items-center text-sm dark:bg-gray-800\">\n<div class=\"group w-full text-gray-800 dark:text-gray-100 border-b border-black\/10 dark:border-gray-900\/50 bg-gray-50 dark:bg-[#444654]\">\n<div class=\"text-base gap-4 md:gap-6 md:max-w-2xl lg:max-w-2xl xl:max-w-3xl p-4 md:py-6 flex lg:px-0 m-auto\">\n<div class=\"relative flex w-[calc(100%-50px)] flex-col gap-1 md:gap-3 lg:w-[calc(100%-115px)]\">\n<div class=\"flex flex-grow flex-col gap-3\">\n<div class=\"min-h-[20px] flex flex-col items-start gap-4 whitespace-pre-wrap\">\n<div class=\"markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert light\">\n<p>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t (UML), l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a tr\u1ef1c quan mang t\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a UML, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00e0nh vi kh\u00e1c trong UML bao g\u1ed3m s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00fang ho\u1eb7c giao th\u1ee9c m\u1ea1ng, n\u01a1i h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o m\u00e0 n\u00f3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1eefu \u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan.<\/p>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" alt=\"Detailed UML state machine diagram for a Vending Machine (With annotations)\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-952\" decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" height=\"508\" src=\"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/detailed-vending-machine-state-machine-diagram-with-annotation.png\" width=\"656\"\/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Khi n\u00e0o n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/h2>\n<p>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a b\u1eb1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 giao th\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng.<\/li>\n<li>H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u01a1 kh\u00ed v\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n<li>H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng sinh h\u1ecdc: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng sinh h\u1ecdc, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch, m\u1ea1ng th\u1ea7n kinh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f3a sinh.<\/li>\n<li>Quy tr\u00ecnh kinh doanh: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh kinh doanh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd h\u00e0ng t\u1ed3n kho v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>N\u00f3i chung, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a b\u1eb1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u1eb1m \u1edf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ghi l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p trong h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng theo c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c quan, l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1eefu \u00edch cho m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n<p><img alt=\"Web-based Shopping application Use Case Diagram\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1101\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"623\" src=\"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/web-based-shopping-application-use-case-diagram.png\" width=\"623\"\/><\/p>\n<h2>C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/h2>\n<p>C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i, \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn v\u1ec1 t\u1eebng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i: Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1edf v\u00e0o t\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh elip trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. M\u1ed7i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u00e3n b\u1eb1ng t\u00ean ho\u1eb7c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec.<\/li>\n<li>Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i: Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y sang tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. M\u1ed7i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u00e3n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/li>\n<li>\u0110\u1ea7u v\u00e0o: \u0110\u1ea7u v\u00e0o bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y sang tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng nh\u00e3n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i.<\/li>\n<li>\u0110\u1ea7u ra: \u0110\u1ea7u ra bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 x\u1ea3y ra khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng nh\u00e3n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, ho\u1eb7c ngay trong c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i.<\/li>\n<li>Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ban \u0111\u1ea7u: Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi nh\u1eadn b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u00e0o. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh elip c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ban \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/li>\n<li>Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i cu\u1ed1i: Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i cu\u1ed1i l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh elip k\u00e9p.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng theo c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, s\u00fac t\u00edch v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia kh\u00e1c c\u1ea7n m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>V\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/h2>\n<div class=\"group w-full text-gray-800 dark:text-gray-100 border-b border-black\/10 dark:border-gray-900\/50 bg-gray-50 dark:bg-[#444654]\">\n<div class=\"text-base gap-4 md:gap-6 md:max-w-2xl lg:max-w-2xl xl:max-w-3xl p-4 md:py-6 flex lg:px-0 m-auto\">\n<div class=\"relative flex w-[calc(100%-50px)] flex-col gap-1 md:gap-3 lg:w-[calc(100%-115px)]\">\n<div class=\"flex flex-grow flex-col gap-3\">\n<div class=\"min-h-[20px] flex flex-col items-start gap-4 whitespace-pre-wrap\">\n<div class=\"markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert light\">\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u b\u01b0\u1edbc. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh chung m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tu\u00e2n theo:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a b\u1eb1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ea7u ra v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n<li>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, bao g\u1ed3m tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i cu\u1ed1i. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u00e3n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 s\u00fac t\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed7i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i.<\/li>\n<li>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n g\u00e2y ra h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y sang tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u ra ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/li>\n<li>T\u1ea1o c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i: S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u0169i t\u00ean ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i m\u1ed7i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u1edbi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ti\u1ebfp theo m\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn khi x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n. \u0110\u00e1nh nh\u00e3n m\u1ed7i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t n\u00f3.<\/li>\n<li>Tinh ch\u1ec9nh s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i: Xem x\u00e9t v\u00e0 tinh ch\u1ec9nh s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o n\u00f3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean quan. \u0110\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1ed1i \u0111a \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u h\u01a1n.<\/li>\n<li>Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i: Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qua c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u ra ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u1ea3y ra ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh vi mong \u0111\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n<li>C\u1eadp nh\u1eadt s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i: C\u1eadp nh\u1eadt s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111ang g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i. H\u00e3y nh\u1edb gi\u1eef s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 s\u00fac t\u00edch, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/h2>\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i, h\u00e3y th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc sau:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ban \u0111\u1ea7u: Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi nh\u1eadn b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u00e0o. Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3.<\/li>\n<li>Theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp: B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ban \u0111\u1ea7u, h\u00e3y theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o. M\u1ed7i chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ho\u1eb7c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n<li>Hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u ra: Khi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y sang tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u ra \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u ra n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy ra t\u1eeb s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi r\u00f5 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i.<\/li>\n<li>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p ho\u1eb7c chu tr\u00ecnh: M\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p ho\u1eb7c chu tr\u00ecnh<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>V\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u0110\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 s\u1ed1<\/h2>\n<p>M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1: Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i cho m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb gi\u1edd, ph\u00fat v\u00e0 gi\u00e2y.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 n\u00ean c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng sau:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0110\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 n\u00ean hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb th\u1eddi gian hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i theo gi\u1edd, ph\u00fat v\u00e0 gi\u00e2y.<\/li>\n<li>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp th\u1eddi gian b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c n\u00fat cho gi\u1edd, ph\u00fat v\u00e0 gi\u00e2y.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/h3>\n<p id=\"XalQfVV\"><img alt=\"UML state machine diagram for clock\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-941 size-full\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"402\" src=\"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/img_641a6e01e60ab.png\" width=\"632\"\/><\/p>\n<h3>Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u201cClock_Display\u201d hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb th\u1eddi gian hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n<li>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp gi\u1edd, ph\u00fat ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch chuy\u1ec3n sang tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u201cSet\u201d t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng.<\/li>\n<li>Sau khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp gi\u1edd, ph\u00fat ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u201cClock_Display\u201d v\u00e0 l\u01b0u th\u1eddi gian m\u1edbi.<\/li>\n<li>H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u201cC\u1eadp nh\u1eadt m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t sau m\u1ed7i chuy\u1ec3n tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1edbi m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 s\u1ed1 v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb th\u1eddi gian. N\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1edf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp x\u1ea3y ra khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3.<\/p>\n<h2>M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c: M\u00e1y b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/h2>\n<p>V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1: Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i cho m\u00e1y b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n v\u1eb7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 u\u1ed1ng. M\u00e1y b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed3ng xu v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea5y, v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh. M\u00e1y b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00ean ho\u00e0n ti\u1ec1n th\u1eeba n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng n\u1ea1p qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n<p>Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>M\u00e1y b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ea1p v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn.<\/li>\n<li>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng t\u1eeb danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n.<\/li>\n<li>M\u00e1y b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00ean ki\u1ec3m tra xem ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ee7 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 mua m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn hay ch\u01b0a.<\/li>\n<li>N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng n\u1ea1p qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n, m\u00e1y b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00ean ho\u00e0n ti\u1ec1n th\u1eeba.<\/li>\n<li>N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng n\u1ea1p ti\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7, m\u00e1y b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00ean hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u1ea1p th\u00eam \u0111\u1ed3ng xu\/ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea5y.<\/li>\n<li>M\u00e1y b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00ean ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ee7 ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n ti\u1ec1n th\u1eeba n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i cho m\u00e1y b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 m\u00e1y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1edf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp x\u1ea3y ra khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u00e1y.<\/p>\n<h3>Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i cho m\u00e1y b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/h3>\n<p id=\"toOGMyA\"><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Vending machine UML state machine diagram\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-940 size-full\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"398\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/img_641a6de37f2a9.png\" width=\"674\"\/><\/p>\n<h3>Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/h3>\n<p>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1t thanh k\u1eb9o v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n ti\u1ec1n n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng n\u1ea1p ti\u1ec1n th\u1eeba. N\u00f3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 m\u00e1y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1edf v\u00e0o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp x\u1ea3y ra khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u00e1y.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u201c\u0110ang ch\u1edd\u201d hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ea1p ti\u1ec1n.<\/li>\n<li>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ea1p m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng xu, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y chuy\u1ec3n m\u00e1y b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng sang tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u201c\u0110ang ch\u1edd.\u201d<\/li>\n<li>N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng n\u1ea1p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7, m\u00e1y b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ebd \u1edf l\u1ea1i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u201c\u0110ang ch\u1edd\u201d v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng n\u1ea1p th\u00eam ti\u1ec1n.<\/li>\n<li>N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng n\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ee7 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 mua m\u1ed9t thanh k\u1eb9o, m\u00e1y b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n sang tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u201cPh\u00e1t h\u00e0nh.\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u201cPh\u00e1t h\u00e0nh,\u201d m\u00e1y b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ki\u1ec3m tra xem ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ee7 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 mua k\u1eb9o hay ch\u01b0a. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh k\u1eb9o v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n ti\u1ec1n n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u201c\u0110ang ch\u1edd\u201d v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng n\u1ea1p th\u00eam ti\u1ec1n.<\/li>\n<li>N\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n ti\u1ec1n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, m\u00e1y b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n sang tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u201cHo\u00e0n ti\u1ec1n\u201d v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n th\u1eeba.<\/li>\n<li>Sau khi ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh k\u1eb9o ho\u1eb7c ho\u00e0n ti\u1ec1n, m\u00e1y b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u201c\u0110ang ch\u1edd\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1edd kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfp theo.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1t thanh k\u1eb9o v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n ti\u1ec1n n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng n\u1ea1p ti\u1ec1n th\u1eeba. N\u00f3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 m\u00e1y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1edf v\u00e0o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp x\u1ea3y ra khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u00e1y.<\/p>\n<h2>T\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/h2>\n<p>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a tr\u1ef1c quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Trong h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u00fang cho c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 minh h\u1ecda qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i cung c\u1ea5p hai v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i cho m\u1ed7i v\u00ed d\u1ee5. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb th\u1eddi gian theo gi\u1edd, ph\u00fat v\u00e0 gi\u00e2y. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u201cc\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t th\u1eddi gian\u201d v\u00e0 \u201chi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb th\u1eddi gian\u201d, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n v\u1eb7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 u\u1ed1ng. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 m\u00e1y b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1edf v\u00e0o, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u201c\u0111ang ch\u1edd\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m\u201d, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p>B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n theo h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p trong nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u00e0 g\u00ec S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a tr\u1ef1c quan ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1edf v\u00e0o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n g\u00e2y ra chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c nhau, bao g\u1ed3m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a quy tr\u00ecnh kinh doanh. Trong h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u00fang cho c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t (UML), l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a tr\u1ef1c quan mang t\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a UML, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00e0nh vi kh\u00e1c trong UML bao g\u1ed3m s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00fang ho\u1eb7c giao th\u1ee9c m\u1ea1ng, n\u01a1i h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o m\u00e0 n\u00f3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1eefu \u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan. Khi n\u00e0o n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a b\u1eb1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i bao g\u1ed3m: H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 giao th\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u01a1 kh\u00ed v\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng sinh h\u1ecdc: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng sinh h\u1ecdc, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch, m\u1ea1ng th\u1ea7n kinh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f3a sinh. Quy tr\u00ecnh kinh doanh: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh kinh doanh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd h\u00e0ng t\u1ed3n kho v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. N\u00f3i chung, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a b\u1eb1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u1eb1m \u1edf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ghi l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p trong h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng theo c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c quan, l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1eefu \u00edch cho m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i, \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn v\u1ec1 t\u1eebng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y: Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i: Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1edf v\u00e0o t\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh elip trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. M\u1ed7i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u00e3n b\u1eb1ng t\u00ean ho\u1eb7c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec. Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i: Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y sang tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. M\u1ed7i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u00e3n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i. \u0110\u1ea7u v\u00e0o: \u0110\u1ea7u v\u00e0o bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y sang tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng nh\u00e3n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. \u0110\u1ea7u ra: \u0110\u1ea7u ra bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 x\u1ea3y ra khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng nh\u00e3n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, ho\u1eb7c ngay trong c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ban \u0111\u1ea7u: Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi nh\u1eadn b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u00e0o. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh elip c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ban \u0111\u1ea7u. Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i cu\u1ed1i: Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i cu\u1ed1i l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn khi<a href=\"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/vn\/introduction-to-state-diagrams-a-comprehensive-guide-for-software-engineering\/\" rel=\"bookmark\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n cho k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6760,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"","_eb_attr":"","neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[9,7,8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6759","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sysml","category-uml","category-visual-modeling"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n cho k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m - Visual Paradigm Guides Vietnamese<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/vn\/introduction-to-state-diagrams-a-comprehensive-guide-for-software-engineering\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"vi_VN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n cho k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m - Visual Paradigm Guides Vietnamese\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u00e0 g\u00ec S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a tr\u1ef1c quan ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1edf v\u00e0o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n g\u00e2y ra chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c nhau, bao g\u1ed3m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a quy tr\u00ecnh kinh doanh. Trong h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u00fang cho c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t (UML), l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a tr\u1ef1c quan mang t\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a UML, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00e0nh vi kh\u00e1c trong UML bao g\u1ed3m s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00fang ho\u1eb7c giao th\u1ee9c m\u1ea1ng, n\u01a1i h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o m\u00e0 n\u00f3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1eefu \u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan. Khi n\u00e0o n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a b\u1eb1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i bao g\u1ed3m: H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 giao th\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u01a1 kh\u00ed v\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng sinh h\u1ecdc: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng sinh h\u1ecdc, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch, m\u1ea1ng th\u1ea7n kinh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f3a sinh. Quy tr\u00ecnh kinh doanh: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh kinh doanh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd h\u00e0ng t\u1ed3n kho v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. N\u00f3i chung, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a b\u1eb1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u1eb1m \u1edf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ghi l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p trong h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng theo c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c quan, l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1eefu \u00edch cho m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i, \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn v\u1ec1 t\u1eebng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y: Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i: Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1edf v\u00e0o t\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh elip trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. M\u1ed7i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u00e3n b\u1eb1ng t\u00ean ho\u1eb7c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec. Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i: Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y sang tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. M\u1ed7i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u00e3n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i. \u0110\u1ea7u v\u00e0o: \u0110\u1ea7u v\u00e0o bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y sang tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng nh\u00e3n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. \u0110\u1ea7u ra: \u0110\u1ea7u ra bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 x\u1ea3y ra khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng nh\u00e3n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, ho\u1eb7c ngay trong c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ban \u0111\u1ea7u: Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi nh\u1eadn b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u00e0o. 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S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1edf v\u00e0o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n g\u00e2y ra chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c nhau, bao g\u1ed3m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a quy tr\u00ecnh kinh doanh. Trong h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u00fang cho c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t (UML), l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a tr\u1ef1c quan mang t\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a UML, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00e0nh vi kh\u00e1c trong UML bao g\u1ed3m s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00fang ho\u1eb7c giao th\u1ee9c m\u1ea1ng, n\u01a1i h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o m\u00e0 n\u00f3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1eefu \u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan. Khi n\u00e0o n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a b\u1eb1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i bao g\u1ed3m: H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 giao th\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u01a1 kh\u00ed v\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng sinh h\u1ecdc: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng sinh h\u1ecdc, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch, m\u1ea1ng th\u1ea7n kinh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f3a sinh. Quy tr\u00ecnh kinh doanh: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh kinh doanh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd h\u00e0ng t\u1ed3n kho v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. N\u00f3i chung, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a b\u1eb1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u1eb1m \u1edf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ghi l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p trong h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng theo c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c quan, l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1eefu \u00edch cho m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i, \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn v\u1ec1 t\u1eebng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y: Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i: Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1edf v\u00e0o t\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh elip trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. M\u1ed7i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u00e3n b\u1eb1ng t\u00ean ho\u1eb7c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec. Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i: Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y sang tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. M\u1ed7i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u00e3n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i. \u0110\u1ea7u v\u00e0o: \u0110\u1ea7u v\u00e0o bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y sang tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng nh\u00e3n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. \u0110\u1ea7u ra: \u0110\u1ea7u ra bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 x\u1ea3y ra khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng nh\u00e3n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, ho\u1eb7c ngay trong c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ban \u0111\u1ea7u: Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi nh\u1eadn b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u00e0o. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh elip c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ban \u0111\u1ea7u. 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