{"id":6771,"date":"2026-02-05T23:58:24","date_gmt":"2026-02-05T15:58:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/vn\/modeling-the-static-aspects-of-an-object-oriented-system-a-guide-to-class-diagrams-object-diagrams-and-er-diagrams\/"},"modified":"2026-02-05T23:58:24","modified_gmt":"2026-02-05T15:58:24","slug":"modeling-the-static-aspects-of-an-object-oriented-system-a-guide-to-class-diagrams-object-diagrams-and-er-diagrams","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/vn\/modeling-the-static-aspects-of-an-object-oriented-system-a-guide-to-class-diagrams-object-diagrams-and-er-diagrams\/","title":{"rendered":"M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp so v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng so v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER<\/h2>\n<p>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. M\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ri\u00eang v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c nhau trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n<p>Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1eefu \u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, c\u00f2n s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n<h3>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp so v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t<\/h3>\n<p>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 UML \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 gi\u1eefa hai lo\u1ea1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<p id=\"XNaJjEn\"><img alt=\"What is Object Diagram?\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/03-class-diagram-to-object-diagram.png\"\/><\/p>\n<p>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, minh h\u1ecda c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o s\u1edbm trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. N\u00f3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1eefu \u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c nhau trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n<p>D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Ph\u1ea1m vi: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n<li>M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ea5p cao v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n<li>Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o s\u1edbm trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n<li>M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1eefu \u00edch cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n<h3>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp so v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER: Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/h3>\n<p>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Entiti-Quan h\u1ec7 (ER) l\u00e0 hai lo\u1ea1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng cho c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n<p>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang. N\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n<p><img alt=\"ERD - Small Loan System - Visual Paradigm Community Circle\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/ERD-Small-Loan-System.png\"\/><\/p>\n<p>D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<li>M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp mang t\u00ednh tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER mang t\u00ednh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n<li>M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n<li>Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>B\u1ea1n s\u1ebd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea3 hai s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1eefu \u00edch cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n<h2>M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp<\/h2>\n<p>M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh quan tr\u1ecdng trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00ec n\u00f3 gi\u00fap bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf theo c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. UML (Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u1ef1c quan c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a UML l\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp UML.<\/p>\n<h3>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp UML cho m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/h3>\n<p>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp UML l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c l\u1edbp v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng chia s\u1ebb c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c chung.<\/p>\n<p>Trong UML, m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt c\u00f3 ba ng\u0103n: ng\u0103n tr\u00ean ch\u1ee9a t\u00ean l\u1edbp, ng\u0103n gi\u1eefa ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, v\u00e0 ng\u0103n d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c. T\u00ean l\u1edbp th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft in \u0111\u1eadm, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea trong c\u00e1c ng\u0103n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 l\u1edbp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c l\u1edbp trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, bao g\u1ed3m li\u00ean k\u1ebft, t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p, k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n<h3>T\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c l\u1edbp l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/h3>\n<p>C\u00e1c l\u1edbp l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (OO) v\u00ec ch\u00fang cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng OO, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, nh\u1eefng l\u1edbp n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd ho\u1eb7c m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n c\u00e1c l\u1edbp trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng OO:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Bao \u0111\u00f3ng:<\/strong>C\u00e1c l\u1edbp cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta bao \u0111\u00f3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb duy nh\u1ea5t, gi\u00fap \u1ea9n c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n khai c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi n\u00f3. Vi\u1ec7c bao \u0111\u00f3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy c\u1eadp ho\u1eb7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1edfi m\u00e3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a:<\/strong>C\u00e1c l\u1edbp cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Vi\u1ec7c tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong khi b\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, gi\u00fap d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng suy lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u01a1n.<\/li>\n<li><strong>K\u1ebf th\u1eeba:<\/strong>C\u00e1c l\u1edbp cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebf th\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c l\u1edbp m\u1edbi k\u1ebf th\u1eeba c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3. Vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e3 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh sao ch\u00e9p ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp, gi\u00fap h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec h\u01a1n.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0110a h\u00ecnh:<\/strong>C\u00e1c l\u1edbp cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111a h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng t\u00ean nh\u01b0ng kh\u00e1c tham s\u1ed1 ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0nh vi. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111a h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng linh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c l\u1edbp l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng OO v\u00ec ch\u00fang cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Ch\u00fang cho ph\u00e9p bao \u0111\u00f3ng, tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a, k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 \u0111a h\u00ecnh, nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n<h3>C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Li\u00ean k\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa hai l\u1edbp, cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa hai l\u1edbp, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u ho\u1eb7c hai chi\u1ec1u.<\/li>\n<li>T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa hai l\u1edbp, cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ch\u1ee9a ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u h\u00ecnh kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf ph\u00eda c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp ch\u1ee9a l\u1edbp kia.<\/li>\n<li>K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p, trong \u0111\u00f3 l\u1edbp ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf l\u1edbp b\u1ecb ch\u1ee9a. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u h\u00ecnh kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u1edf ph\u00eda c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp ch\u1ee9a l\u1edbp kia.<\/li>\n<li>K\u1ebf th\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa hai l\u1edbp, cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp l\u00e0 l\u1edbp con c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb l\u1edbp con \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1edbp cha.<\/li>\n<li>Ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa hai l\u1edbp, cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean g\u1ea1ch n\u1ed1i ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb l\u1edbp ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Sau khi \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c l\u1edbp v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp b\u1eb1ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u UML. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Microsoft Visio, Eclipse ho\u1eb7c Rational Rose.<\/p>\n<h2>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u2013 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed cho m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty b\u00e1n l\u1ebb<\/h2>\n<p>Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed m\u1edbi cho m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty b\u00e1n l\u1ebb. C\u00f4ng ty mu\u1ed1n cho ph\u00e9p kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng duy\u1ec7t v\u00e0 mua s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd chi ti\u1ebft m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fac c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u1eefu \u00edch.<\/p>\n<h3>Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp<\/h3>\n<p>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi, cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Trong v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o \u1edf tr\u00ean, c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh bao g\u1ed3m Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng, m\u1ed7i l\u1edbp c\u00f3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 ra c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t-nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1eefa Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u-nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1eefa \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m.<\/p>\n<p id=\"DmHQNjL\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" alt=\"UML Class Diagram for Customer-Order-Product example\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-981\" decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" height=\"458\" src=\"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/customer-order-and-product-class-diagram.png\" width=\"375\"\/><\/p>\n<h2>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/h2>\n<div class=\"flex-1 overflow-hidden\">\n<div class=\"react-scroll-to-bottom--css-qjwkn-79elbk h-full dark:bg-gray-800\">\n<div class=\"react-scroll-to-bottom--css-qjwkn-1n7m0yu\">\n<div class=\"flex flex-col items-center text-sm dark:bg-gray-800\">\n<div class=\"group w-full text-gray-800 dark:text-gray-100 border-b border-black\/10 dark:border-gray-900\/50 bg-gray-50 dark:bg-[#444654]\">\n<div class=\"text-base gap-4 md:gap-6 md:max-w-2xl lg:max-w-2xl xl:max-w-3xl p-4 md:py-6 flex lg:px-0 m-auto\">\n<div class=\"relative flex w-[calc(100%-50px)] flex-col gap-1 md:gap-3 lg:w-[calc(100%-115px)]\">\n<div class=\"flex flex-grow flex-col gap-3\">\n<div class=\"min-h-[20px] flex flex-col items-start gap-4 whitespace-pre-wrap\">\n<div class=\"markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert light\">\n<p>M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. N\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang. Trong v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o \u1edf tr\u00ean, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n<p>Do \u0111\u00f3, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1edbp v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"absolute bottom-0 left-0 w-full border-t md:border-t-0 dark:border-white\/20 md:border-transparent md:dark:border-transparent md:bg-vert-light-gradient bg-white dark:bg-gray-800 md:!bg-transparent dark:md:bg-vert-dark-gradient pt-2\">\n<form class=\"stretch mx-2 flex flex-row gap-3 last:mb-2 md:mx-4 md:last:mb-6 lg:mx-auto lg:max-w-3xl\">\n<div class=\"relative flex h-full flex-1 md:flex-col\">\n<div class=\"flex ml-1 md:w-full md:m-auto md:mb-2 gap-0 md:gap-2 justify-center\"><img alt=\"UML Object Diagram for a Customer-Order-Product example\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-980\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"374\" src=\"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/customer-order-and-product-object-diagram.png\" width=\"447\"\/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/form>\n<\/div>\n<h3 id=\"pJsCwgX\">Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ERD<\/h3>\n<p>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 ERD (s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3) \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n<p>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng OO. Trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u1edf tr\u00ean, c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh bao g\u1ed3m Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng, m\u1ed7i l\u1edbp c\u00f3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 ra c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t-nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1eefa Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u-nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1eefa \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m.<\/p>\n<p>Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3. N\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac logic c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD v\u00ed d\u1ee5 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh bao g\u1ed3m Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng, m\u1ed7i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. ERD c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 ra c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t-nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1eefa Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u-nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1eefa \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m.<\/p>\n<p><img alt=\"ER Diagram for a Customer-Order-Product example\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-979\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/customer-order-and-product-er-diagram.png\" width=\"377\"\/><\/p>\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u1ea3 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 ERD \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, trong khi ERD ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac logic c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n<h3>T\u1ea1o l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ERD<\/h3>\n<p>D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac logic c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n<p>D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ERD:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<br \/>\n\u2013 customer_id (kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh)<br \/>\n\u2013 t\u00ean<br \/>\n\u2013 email<br \/>\n\u2013 m\u1eadt kh\u1ea9u<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<br \/>\n\u2013 order_id (kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh)<br \/>\n\u2013 customer_id (kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i)<br \/>\n\u2013 ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng<br \/>\n\u2013 t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1 ti\u1ec1n<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u01a1n_h\u00e0ng_S\u1ea3n_ph\u1ea9m<br \/>\n\u2013 order_id (kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i, kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh)<br \/>\n\u2013 product_id (kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i, kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh)<br \/>\n\u2013 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/p>\n<p>S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m<br \/>\n\u2013 product_id (kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh)<br \/>\n\u2013 t\u00ean<br \/>\n\u2013 gi\u00e1<br \/>\n\u2013 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Trong l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n b\u1ea3ng: Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng, \u0110\u01a1n_h\u00e0ng_S\u1ea3n_ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m.<\/p>\n<p>B\u1ea3ng Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee9a th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 t\u00ean, email v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i. B\u1ea3ng \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee9a th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1 ti\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3ng Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n<p>B\u1ea3ng \u0110\u01a1n_h\u00e0ng_S\u1ea3n_ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft, d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u-nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1eefa \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. N\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3ng \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t.<\/p>\n<p>B\u1ea3ng S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ee9a th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 t\u00ean s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng product_id, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham chi\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i trong b\u1ea3ng \u0110\u01a1n_h\u00e0ng_S\u1ea3n_ph\u1ea9m.<\/p>\n<p>T\u1ed5ng quan, l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n logic v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda trong ERD.<\/p>\n<h2>T\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/h2>\n<p>B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER. M\u1ed7i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ri\u00eang v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c nhau trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Class Diagram, Object Diagram and ERD for a Customer-Order-Product example\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-982\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"506\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/class-diagram-object-diagram-er-diagram.png\" width=\"807\"\/><\/p>\n<p>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c l\u1edbp trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, minh h\u1ecda c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7.<\/p>\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n<p>B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp so v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng so v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. M\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ri\u00eang v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c nhau trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1eefu \u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, c\u00f2n s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp so v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 UML \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 gi\u1eefa hai lo\u1ea1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, minh h\u1ecda c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o s\u1edbm trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. N\u00f3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1eefu \u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c nhau trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: Ph\u1ea1m vi: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ea5p cao v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o s\u1edbm trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1eefu \u00edch cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp so v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER: Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Entiti-Quan h\u1ec7 (ER) l\u00e0 hai lo\u1ea1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng cho c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang. N\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER: M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp mang t\u00ednh tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER mang t\u00ednh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. B\u1ea1n s\u1ebd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a<a href=\"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/vn\/modeling-the-static-aspects-of-an-object-oriented-system-a-guide-to-class-diagrams-object-diagrams-and-er-diagrams\/\" rel=\"bookmark\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6772,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"","_eb_attr":"","neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[17,7,8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6771","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-data-modeling-database","category-uml","category-visual-modeling"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER - Visual Paradigm Guides Vietnamese<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/vn\/modeling-the-static-aspects-of-an-object-oriented-system-a-guide-to-class-diagrams-object-diagrams-and-er-diagrams\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"vi_VN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER - Visual Paradigm Guides Vietnamese\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp so v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng so v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. M\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ri\u00eang v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c nhau trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1eefu \u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, c\u00f2n s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp so v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 UML \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 gi\u1eefa hai lo\u1ea1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, minh h\u1ecda c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o s\u1edbm trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. N\u00f3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1eefu \u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c nhau trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: Ph\u1ea1m vi: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ea5p cao v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o s\u1edbm trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1eefu \u00edch cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp so v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER: Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Entiti-Quan h\u1ec7 (ER) l\u00e0 hai lo\u1ea1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng cho c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau. 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M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp mang t\u00ednh tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER mang t\u00ednh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. 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M\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ri\u00eang v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c nhau trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1eefu \u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, c\u00f2n s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp so v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 UML \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 gi\u1eefa hai lo\u1ea1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, minh h\u1ecda c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o s\u1edbm trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. N\u00f3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1eefu \u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c nhau trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: Ph\u1ea1m vi: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ea5p cao v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o s\u1edbm trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1eefu \u00edch cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp so v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER: Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Entiti-Quan h\u1ec7 (ER) l\u00e0 hai lo\u1ea1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng cho c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang. N\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER: M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp mang t\u00ednh tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER mang t\u00ednh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. 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