{"id":6799,"date":"2026-02-06T01:10:50","date_gmt":"2026-02-05T17:10:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/vn\/mastering-er-modeling-a-step-by-step-guide-with-real-world-examples-part-5-of-5\/"},"modified":"2026-02-06T01:10:50","modified_gmt":"2026-02-05T17:10:50","slug":"mastering-er-modeling-a-step-by-step-guide-with-real-world-examples-part-5-of-5","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/vn\/mastering-er-modeling-a-step-by-step-guide-with-real-world-examples-part-5-of-5\/","title":{"rendered":"Th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a ER: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf (Ph\u1ea7n 5 trong 5)"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD)<\/h1>\n<h2>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) l\u00e0 g\u00ec<\/h2>\n<p>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd cho m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan v\u1ec1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. ERD d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt trong ERD. Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh elip trong ERD. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhau v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan.<\/p>\n<p><img alt=\"What is Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)?\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/02-er-diagram-depicts-business-entities-relationships.png\"\/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>ERD th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan v\u1ec1 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Ch\u00fang gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. ERD c\u0169ng gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng cho vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao.<\/li>\n<li>ERD th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng cho ph\u00e9p nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf k\u00e9o v\u00e0 th\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng v\u1ebd. Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n ERD. ERD c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng b\u00fat v\u00e0 gi\u1ea5y, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u00edt ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n do \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n<li>ERD l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 cho thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u chuy\u00ean gia trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, bao g\u1ed3m nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb vi\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. ERD \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo th\u1eddi gian, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eb1m n\u00e2ng cao hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean, l\u00e0m cho ERD tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai tham gia v\u00e0o thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) theo th\u1eddi gian<\/h2>\n<p>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed phong ph\u00fa, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970 khi ch\u00fang l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. ERD ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, v\u1ed1n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970 v\u00e0 1980.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra ERD l\u00e0 Peter Chen, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y trong b\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u0103m 1976 mang t\u00ean \u201cM\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 &#8211; quan h\u1ec7 \u2013 H\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u\u201d. B\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Chen \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn m\u1edbi trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 thay v\u00ec c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ri\u00eang l\u1ebb.<\/li>\n<li>K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ERD ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Chen \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u. N\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, h\u00ecnh thoi \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh elip \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh. K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Chen \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n cho ERD.<\/li>\n<li>Theo th\u1eddi gian, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean gia kh\u00e1c trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ERD. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, James Martin, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n<li>V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980, m\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u m\u1edbi cho ERD \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u b\u1edfi James Rumbaugh, Ivar Jacobson v\u00e0 Grady Booch. K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t (UML), \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ERD c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c. UML tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 2000.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ng\u00e0y nay, ERD v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu cho m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo th\u1eddi gian, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean. ERD \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c nhau, bao g\u1ed3m m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a quy tr\u00ecnh kinh doanh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n<h2>C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ERD<\/h2>\n<p>ERD s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c ERD ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ERD.<\/p>\n<p><img alt=\"Entity Relationship Diagram Example: University Registration Office - Visual Paradigm Community Circle\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/ERD-University-Registration-Office.png\"\/><\/p>\n<h3>Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/h3>\n<p>Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt trong ERD. C\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p. M\u1ed7i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t t\u00ean duy nh\u1ea5t, gi\u00fap x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<h3>Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh<\/h3>\n<p>Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m t\u00ean kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, m\u00e3 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, gi\u00e1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, m\u00e3 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, v.v. M\u1ed7i thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00ean duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: v\u0103n b\u1ea3n, s\u1ed1, ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng, v.v.).<\/p>\n<h3>Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh<\/h3>\n<p>Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh danh duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi trong b\u1ea3ng v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh gi\u00fap x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh duy nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi. Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n trong ERD d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ea1ch ch\u00e2n.<\/p>\n<h3>Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i<\/h3>\n<p>Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa hai b\u1ea3ng. Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n trong ERD d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u00f3 m\u0169i t\u00ean ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh m\u00e0 n\u00f3 tham chi\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n<h3>M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/h3>\n<p>M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhau. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n trong ERD b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan. C\u00f3 ba lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t &#8211; m\u1ed9t (1:1):<\/strong>Trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t &#8211; m\u1ed9t, m\u1ed7i b\u1ea3n ghi trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng ch\u1ec9 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi duy nh\u1ea5t trong b\u1ea3ng kia. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng n\u1ed1i hai th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n<li><strong>M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t &#8211; nhi\u1ec1u (1:N):<\/strong>Trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t &#8211; nhi\u1ec1u, m\u1ed7i b\u1ea3n ghi trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n ghi trong b\u1ea3ng kia. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u0169i t\u00ean ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nhi\u1ec1u.<\/li>\n<li><strong>M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111a (N:N):<\/strong>Trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111a, nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n ghi trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n ghi trong b\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 hai \u0111\u1ea7u m\u0169i t\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o nhau.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea3n ghi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa hai b\u1ea3ng trong m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. C\u00f3 ba lo\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>M\u1ed9t (1):<\/strong>Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi b\u1ea3ng kia.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nhi\u1ec1u (N):<\/strong>Nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n ghi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi b\u1ea3ng kia.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Kh\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t (0..1):<\/strong>Ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n ghi n\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi b\u1ea3ng kia.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>C\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h2>\n<div class=\"group w-full text-gray-800 dark:text-gray-100 border-b border-black\/10 dark:border-gray-900\/50 bg-gray-50 dark:bg-[#444654]\">\n<div class=\"text-base gap-4 md:gap-6 md:max-w-2xl lg:max-w-2xl xl:max-w-3xl p-4 md:py-6 flex lg:px-0 m-auto\">\n<div class=\"relative flex w-[calc(100%-50px)] flex-col gap-1 md:gap-3 lg:w-[calc(100%-115px)]\">\n<div class=\"flex flex-grow flex-col gap-3\">\n<div class=\"min-h-[20px] flex flex-col items-start gap-4 whitespace-pre-wrap\">\n<div class=\"markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert light\">\n<p>ERD, S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 SQL \u0111\u1ec1u li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhau trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>ERD (S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Entiti-M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7)<\/strong>: ERD l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. ERD \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tri\u1ec3n khai. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<li><strong>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd ho\u1eb7c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng, c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t trong m\u1ed7i b\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng.<\/li>\n<li><strong>C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef theo c\u00e1ch cho ph\u00e9p truy xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 thao t\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. C\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cho nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u1eeb l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kinh doanh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/li>\n<li><strong>SQL (Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef truy v\u1ea5n c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac):<\/strong>SQL l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 thao t\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan h\u1ec7. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o, s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 truy v\u1ea5n c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. SQL \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 truy xu\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, ch\u00e8n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi, c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 v\u00e0 x\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. SQL l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan h\u1ec7 (RDBMS) nh\u01b0 Oracle, MySQL v\u00e0 Microsoft SQL Server.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, ERD v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, trong khi c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 n\u01a1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 SQL \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. C\u00f9ng nhau, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu cho vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, t\u1ea1o l\u1eadp v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u: H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng CRM<\/h2>\n<p>M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. C\u00f4ng ty c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n theo d\u00f5i th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 chi ti\u1ebft li\u00ean h\u1ec7, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed mua h\u00e0ng, s\u1edf th\u00edch v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 truy xu\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nhanh ch\u00f3ng. C\u00f4ng ty mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean s\u1ebd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0y, c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf theo c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1eed l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1edbn. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, m\u1eabu mua h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c gi\u00fap c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp th\u1ecb v\u00e0 b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00f4ng ty c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1edbn, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p truy c\u1eadp nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0o th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i khi c\u00f4ng ty ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u00f4ng ty \u0111ang t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u00fap h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"min-h-[20px] flex flex-col items-start gap-4 whitespace-pre-wrap\">\n<h3>Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t ERD d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" alt=\"ERD for CRM system\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1017\" decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" height=\"410\" src=\"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/ERD-for-crm-system.png\" width=\"738\"\/><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"bieYByv\">T\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ERD<\/h3>\n<p>M\u00e3 n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra n\u0103m b\u1ea3ng cho c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. <code>Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/code>b\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 <code>customer_id<\/code>, v\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng <code>Orders<\/code> v\u00e0 <code>Complaints<\/code> b\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn <code>customer_id<\/code> trong b\u1ea3ng <code>Customers<\/code> b\u1ea3ng. B\u1ea3ng <code>Orders<\/code> v\u00e0 <code>Order_Items<\/code> b\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 <code>order_id<\/code> v\u00e0 <code>product_id<\/code>.<\/p>\n<p>M\u00e3 SQL n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng CRM \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<blockquote>\n<p>T\u1ea0O B\u1ea2NG Customers (<br \/>\ncustomer_id INT PRIMARY KEY,<br \/>\nfirst_name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,<br \/>\nlast_name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,<br \/>\nemail VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,<br \/>\nphone VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,<br \/>\naddress VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL<br \/>\n);<\/p>\n<p>T\u1ea0O B\u1ea2NG Products (<br \/>\nproduct_id INT PRIMARY KEY,<br \/>\nname VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,<br \/>\nmi\u00eau t\u1ea3 VARCHAR(200) KH\u00d4NG NULL,<br \/>\ngi\u00e1 DECIMAL(10,2) KH\u00d4NG NULL<br \/>\n);<\/p>\n<p>T\u1ea0O B\u1ea2NG Orders (<br \/>\norder_id INT KH\u00d3A CH\u00cdNH,<br \/>\ncustomer_id INT KH\u00d4NG NULL,<br \/>\norder_date DATE KH\u00d4NG NULL,<br \/>\nKH\u00d3A NGO\u1ea0I (customer_id) THAM CHI\u1ebeU Customers(customer_id)<br \/>\n);<\/p>\n<p>T\u1ea0O B\u1ea2NG Order_Items (<br \/>\norder_id INT KH\u00d4NG NULL,<br \/>\nproduct_id INT KH\u00d4NG NULL,<br \/>\nquantity INT KH\u00d4NG NULL,<br \/>\nKH\u00d3A CH\u00cdNH (order_id, product_id),<br \/>\nKH\u00d3A NGO\u1ea0I (order_id) THAM CHI\u1ebeU Orders(order_id),<br \/>\nKH\u00d3A NGO\u1ea0I (product_id) THAM CHI\u1ebeU Products(product_id)<br \/>\n);<\/p>\n<p>T\u1ea0O B\u1ea2NG Complaints (<br \/>\ncomplaint_id INT KH\u00d3A CH\u00cdNH,<br \/>\ncustomer_id INT KH\u00d4NG NULL,<br \/>\ncomplaint_text VARCHAR(500) KH\u00d4NG NULL,<br \/>\ncomplaint_date DATE KH\u00d4NG NULL,<br \/>\nKH\u00d3A NGO\u1ea0I (customer_id) THAM CHI\u1ebeU Customers(customer_id)<br \/>\n);<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h2>H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb ERD v\u00e0 C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h2>\n<div class=\"relative flex w-[calc(100%-50px)] flex-col gap-1 md:gap-3 lg:w-[calc(100%-115px)]\">\n<p>D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1:<\/strong>B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan ho\u1eb7c xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/li>\n<li><strong>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD):<\/strong>T\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y n\u00ean bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang.<\/li>\n<li><strong>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD, t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng, c\u1ed9t v\u00e0 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng, c\u1ed9t v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i c\u1ed9t trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, ch\u1ecdn ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Th\u00eam c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh, kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c duy nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<li><strong>M\u00e3 SQL:<\/strong>Vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 SQL t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng, c\u1ed9t v\u00e0 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u00e3 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0110i\u1ec1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0o c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>Sau khi c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o, \u0111i\u1ec1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0o b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u00e2u l\u1ec7nh SQL INSERT.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 truy xu\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/li>\n<li><strong>B\u1ea3o tr\u00ec c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>Khi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c th\u00eam c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng ho\u1eb7c c\u1ed9t m\u1edbi, s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng ho\u1eb7c c\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3, ho\u1eb7c x\u00f3a c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng ho\u1eb7c c\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2><strong>K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u1eafm v\u1eefng nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed1t, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n<p>K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn, vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n qua vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 m\u00e3 SQL, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec trong t\u00e2m. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed1n th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, nh\u01b0ng d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0m \u0111\u00fang s\u1ebd ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c trong d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1eeba hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u1eeba hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) l\u00e0 g\u00ec S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd cho m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan v\u1ec1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. ERD d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt trong ERD. Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh elip trong ERD. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhau v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan. ERD th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan v\u1ec1 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Ch\u00fang gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. ERD c\u0169ng gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng cho vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao. ERD th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng cho ph\u00e9p nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf k\u00e9o v\u00e0 th\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng v\u1ebd. Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n ERD. ERD c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng b\u00fat v\u00e0 gi\u1ea5y, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u00edt ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n do \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. ERD l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 cho thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u chuy\u00ean gia trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, bao g\u1ed3m nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb vi\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. ERD \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo th\u1eddi gian, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eb1m n\u00e2ng cao hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean, l\u00e0m cho ERD tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai tham gia v\u00e0o thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) theo th\u1eddi gian S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed phong ph\u00fa, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970 khi ch\u00fang l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. ERD ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, v\u1ed1n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970 v\u00e0 1980. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra ERD l\u00e0 Peter Chen, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y trong b\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u0103m 1976 mang t\u00ean \u201cM\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 &#8211; quan h\u1ec7 \u2013 H\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u\u201d. B\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Chen \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn m\u1edbi trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 thay v\u00ec c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ri\u00eang l\u1ebb. K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ERD ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Chen \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u. N\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, h\u00ecnh thoi \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh elip \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh. K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Chen \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n cho ERD. Theo th\u1eddi gian, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean gia kh\u00e1c trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ERD. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, James Martin, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980, m\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u m\u1edbi cho ERD \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u b\u1edfi James Rumbaugh, Ivar Jacobson v\u00e0 Grady Booch. K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t (UML), \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ERD c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c. UML tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 2000. Ng\u00e0y nay, ERD v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu cho m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo th\u1eddi gian, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean. ERD \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c nhau, bao g\u1ed3m m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a quy tr\u00ecnh kinh doanh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ERD ERD s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c ERD ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ERD. Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i<a href=\"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/vn\/mastering-er-modeling-a-step-by-step-guide-with-real-world-examples-part-5-of-5\/\" rel=\"bookmark\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a ER: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf (Ph\u1ea7n 5 trong 5)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6800,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"","_eb_attr":"","neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6799","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-data-modeling-database"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a ER: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf (Ph\u1ea7n 5 trong 5) - Visual Paradigm Guides Vietnamese<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/vn\/mastering-er-modeling-a-step-by-step-guide-with-real-world-examples-part-5-of-5\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"vi_VN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a ER: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf (Ph\u1ea7n 5 trong 5) - Visual Paradigm Guides Vietnamese\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) l\u00e0 g\u00ec S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd cho m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan v\u1ec1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. ERD d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt trong ERD. Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh elip trong ERD. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhau v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan. ERD th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan v\u1ec1 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Ch\u00fang gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. ERD c\u0169ng gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng cho vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao. ERD th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng cho ph\u00e9p nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf k\u00e9o v\u00e0 th\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng v\u1ebd. Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n ERD. ERD c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng b\u00fat v\u00e0 gi\u1ea5y, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u00edt ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n do \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. ERD l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 cho thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u chuy\u00ean gia trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, bao g\u1ed3m nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb vi\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. ERD \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo th\u1eddi gian, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eb1m n\u00e2ng cao hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean, l\u00e0m cho ERD tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai tham gia v\u00e0o thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) theo th\u1eddi gian S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed phong ph\u00fa, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970 khi ch\u00fang l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. ERD ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, v\u1ed1n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970 v\u00e0 1980. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra ERD l\u00e0 Peter Chen, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y trong b\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u0103m 1976 mang t\u00ean \u201cM\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 &#8211; quan h\u1ec7 \u2013 H\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u\u201d. B\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Chen \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn m\u1edbi trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 thay v\u00ec c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ri\u00eang l\u1ebb. K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ERD ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Chen \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u. N\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, h\u00ecnh thoi \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh elip \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh. K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Chen \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n cho ERD. Theo th\u1eddi gian, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean gia kh\u00e1c trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ERD. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, James Martin, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980, m\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u m\u1edbi cho ERD \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u b\u1edfi James Rumbaugh, Ivar Jacobson v\u00e0 Grady Booch. K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t (UML), \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ERD c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c. UML tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 2000. Ng\u00e0y nay, ERD v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu cho m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo th\u1eddi gian, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean. ERD \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c nhau, bao g\u1ed3m m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a quy tr\u00ecnh kinh doanh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ERD ERD s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c ERD ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ERD. 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ERD d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt trong ERD. Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh elip trong ERD. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhau v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan. ERD th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan v\u1ec1 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Ch\u00fang gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. ERD c\u0169ng gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng cho vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao. ERD th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng cho ph\u00e9p nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf k\u00e9o v\u00e0 th\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng v\u1ebd. Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n ERD. ERD c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng b\u00fat v\u00e0 gi\u1ea5y, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u00edt ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n do \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. ERD l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 cho thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u chuy\u00ean gia trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, bao g\u1ed3m nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb vi\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. ERD \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo th\u1eddi gian, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eb1m n\u00e2ng cao hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean, l\u00e0m cho ERD tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai tham gia v\u00e0o thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) theo th\u1eddi gian S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed phong ph\u00fa, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970 khi ch\u00fang l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. ERD ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, v\u1ed1n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970 v\u00e0 1980. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra ERD l\u00e0 Peter Chen, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y trong b\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u0103m 1976 mang t\u00ean \u201cM\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 &#8211; quan h\u1ec7 \u2013 H\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u\u201d. B\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Chen \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn m\u1edbi trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 thay v\u00ec c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ri\u00eang l\u1ebb. K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ERD ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Chen \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u. N\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, h\u00ecnh thoi \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh elip \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh. K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Chen \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n cho ERD. Theo th\u1eddi gian, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean gia kh\u00e1c trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ERD. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, James Martin, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980, m\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u m\u1edbi cho ERD \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u b\u1edfi James Rumbaugh, Ivar Jacobson v\u00e0 Grady Booch. K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t (UML), \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ERD c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c. UML tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 2000. Ng\u00e0y nay, ERD v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu cho m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo th\u1eddi gian, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean. 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