{"id":7056,"date":"2023-03-15T10:06:01","date_gmt":"2023-03-15T02:06:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/vn\/mastering-er-modeling-a-step-by-step-guide-with-real-world-examples-part-4-of-5\/"},"modified":"2023-03-22T16:43:25","modified_gmt":"2023-03-22T08:43:25","slug":"mastering-er-modeling-a-step-by-step-guide-with-real-world-examples-part-4-of-5","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/vn\/mastering-er-modeling-a-step-by-step-guide-with-real-world-examples-part-4-of-5\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ER: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf (Ph\u1ea7n 4 trong 5)"},"content":{"rendered":"

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/h1>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/a> v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Trong khi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u1eb1m bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, th\u00ec thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa hai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 then ch\u1ed1t trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec.<\/p>\n

Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 t\u1ea1i sao m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u1eefu \u00edch cho thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) li\u00ean quan nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

\"C\u00f4ng<\/p>\n

Vai tr\u00f2 b\u1ed5 sung c\u1ee7a ERD v\u00e0 S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp trong Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m<\/h2>\n

S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

ERD \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a quy tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. ERD hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhau, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh \u0111a tr\u1ecb (cardinality).<\/p>\n

M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c l\u1edbp v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ee9 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau c\u1ee7a quy tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, sau khi l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai.<\/p>\n

V\u1eady, t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3 ERD v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m? L\u00fd do ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u00fang bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung cho nhau. ERD h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng cho vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 truy xu\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng cho vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai logic nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n

B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea3 ERD v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, xem x\u00e9t c\u1ea3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. ERD cung c\u1ea5p n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp cung c\u1ea5p n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n

S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp<\/h2>\n

ERD ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1edbp m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 l\u1edbp m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh-View-Controller (MVC). M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a ERD l\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp bao qu\u00e1t to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, v\u00ec ch\u00fang bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c l\u1edbp v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong c\u1ea3 ba l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac MVC. Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n l\u1edbp m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n logic v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trong l\u1edbp \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c trong l\u1edbp hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ea3 ba l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ed1t, t\u00edch h\u1ee3p ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00f9ng nhau.<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, ERD ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o l\u1edbp m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp bao qu\u00e1t c\u1ea3 ba l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac MVC. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00f9ng nhau.<\/p>\n

M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u2013 Hi\u1ec7u s\u00e1ch<\/h2>\n

Ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd kho h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7u s\u00e1ch nh\u1ecf. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ea7n theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea3n sao c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n. Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mua s\u00e1ch, v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ea7n c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt kho h\u00e0ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n

X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ERD cho H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Hi\u1ec7u s\u00e1ch<\/h3>\n

Trong ERD n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3: S\u00e1ch<\/code>, Kho h\u00e0ng<\/code>, Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/code>, v\u00e0 Giao d\u1ecbch mua<\/code>. Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 S\u00e1ch<\/code> bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch trong kho h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 Kho h\u00e0ng<\/code> th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea3n sao c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n. Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/code> \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u00e1ch, v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0110\u01a1n mua<\/code> theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 mua.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t-nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1eefa S\u00e1ch<\/code> v\u00e0 T\u1ed3n kho<\/code> (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n sao trong kho), m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u-m\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa \u0110\u01a1n mua<\/code> v\u00e0 Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/code> (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01a1n mua), v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u-m\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa \u0110\u01a1n mua<\/code> v\u00e0 S\u00e1ch<\/code> (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mua nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n).<\/p>\n

X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD<\/h3>\n

\"S\u01a1<\/p>\n

X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD logic<\/h2>\n

Trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n l\u1edbp: S\u00e1ch<\/code>, T\u1ed3n kho<\/code>, Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/code>, v\u00e0 \u0110\u01a1n mua<\/code>. C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn ri\u00eang t\u01b0. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n kh\u00e1c nhau. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t-nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1eefa S\u00e1ch<\/code> v\u00e0 H\u00e0ng t\u1ed3n kho<\/code>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u0169i t\u00ean ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb S\u00e1ch<\/code> \u0111\u1ebfn H\u00e0ng t\u1ed3n kho<\/code> v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng 1<\/code> g\u1ea7n S\u00e1ch<\/code> l\u1edbp v\u00e0 0..*<\/code> g\u1ea7n H\u00e0ng t\u1ed3n kho<\/code> l\u1edbp. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t-nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1eefa Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/code> v\u00e0 \u0110\u01a1n mua<\/code> v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa S\u00e1ch<\/code> v\u00e0\u0110\u01a1n mua<\/code>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u0169i t\u00ean ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb \u0110\u01a1n mua<\/code> \u0111\u1ebfn Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/code> v\u00e0 S\u00e1ch<\/code>, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n

B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 suy ra bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd h\u00e0ng t\u1ed3n kho c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u00e1ch nh\u1ecf.<\/p>\n

\"S\u01a1<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER v\u1eadt l\u00fd b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tinh ch\u1ec9nh s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER logic<\/h2>\n

Trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER v\u1eadt l\u00fd n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00fa ph\u00e1p bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1ed9t B\u1ea3ng<\/code> macro nh\u1eadn t\u00ean v\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng l\u1edbp t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh<\/code> v\u00e0 Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i<\/code> macros \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u1ea1o b\u1ed1n b\u1ea3ng: S\u00e1ch<\/code>, T\u1ed3n kho<\/code>, Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/code>, v\u00e0 \u0110\u01a1n mua<\/code>, m\u1ed7i b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng [PK]<\/code> v\u00e0 [FK]<\/code> ch\u00fa th\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u0169ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng --|><\/code> m\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng.<\/p>\n

B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER v\u1eadt l\u00fd, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1eefu \u00edch cho vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

\"S\u01a1<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ebft SQL \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/h2>\n

L\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m b\u1ed1n b\u1ea3ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, tu\u00e2n theo c\u00fa ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef SQL. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng CREATE TABLE<\/code> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a t\u1eebng b\u1ea3ng, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 PRIMARY KEY<\/code> v\u00e0 KH\u00d3A NGO\u1ea0I<\/code>. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u0169ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb kh\u00f3a THAM CHI\u1ebeU<\/code> \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng.<\/p>\n

(*\u1ea2nh ch\u1ee5p m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Visual Paradigm \u2013 T\u1ea1o c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD<\/strong>)<\/p>\n

\"C\u00f4ng<\/p>\n

S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1eadt l\u00fd, n\u01a1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 truy xu\u1ea5t theo s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a.<\/p>\n

\n

T\u1ea0O B\u1ea2NG Sach (
\nISBN VARCHAR(255) KH\u00d3A CH\u00cdNH,
\nti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 VARCHAR(255),
\nt\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 VARCHAR(255)
\n);<\/p>\n

T\u1ea0O B\u1ea2NG Kho (
\nISBN VARCHAR(255) KH\u00d3A CH\u00cdNH THAM CHI\u1ebeU Sach(ISBN),
\ns\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea3n INT
\n);<\/p>\n

T\u1ea0O B\u1ea2NG Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng (
\nid INT KH\u00d3A CH\u00cdNH,
\nt\u00ean VARCHAR(255),
\nemail VARCHAR(255)
\n);<\/p>\n

T\u1ea0O B\u1ea2NG Mua h\u00e0ng (
\nid INT KH\u00d3A CH\u00cdNH,
\ncustomerId INT THAM CHI\u1ebeU Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng(id),
\nISBN VARCHAR(255) THAM CHI\u1ebeU Sach(ISBN),
\nngay DATE
\n);<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

M\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn thay th\u1ebf cho m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u: \u00c1nh x\u1ea1 \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng-Quan h\u1ec7<\/h2>\n

ORM (\u00c1nh x\u1ea1 \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng-Quan h\u1ec7) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n thay th\u1ebf cho m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan h\u1ec7 b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n SQL ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, ORM cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 gi\u1eefa m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c khung ORM nh\u01b0 Hibernate, Django ORM v\u00e0 Sequelize cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 API gi\u00fap \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a quy tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thay v\u00ec c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng. C\u00e1c khung ORM cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, v\u00e0 \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u0111\u00f3 sang c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1ch truy v\u1ea5n c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00fa ph\u00e1p h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

\"V\u00ed<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ORM c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a quy tr\u00ecnh m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan h\u1ec7, v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean h\u01a1n trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. ORM c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00ec khung ORM x\u1eed l\u00fd ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u1edf t\u1ea7ng th\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng ORM kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho m\u1ecdi t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ORM, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ho\u1eb7c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1eefa s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ORM ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n v\u00e0 s\u1edf th\u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc quan tr\u1ecdng trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00ec n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Quan h\u1ec7 Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 trong vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec.<\/p>\n

Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t ERD v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 suy ra m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ERD v\u1eadt l\u00fd, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1eadt l\u00fd. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed1t, bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00ecn chung, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 ERD v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u, d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Trong khi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u1eb1m bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, th\u00ec thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa hai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 then ch\u1ed1t trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec. Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 t\u1ea1i sao m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u1eefu \u00edch cho thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) li\u00ean quan nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Vai tr\u00f2 b\u1ed5 sung c\u1ee7a ERD v\u00e0 S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp trong Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. ERD \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a quy tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. ERD hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhau, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh \u0111a tr\u1ecb (cardinality). M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c l\u1edbp v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ee9 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau c\u1ee7a quy tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, sau khi l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai. V\u1eady, t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3 ERD v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m? L\u00fd do ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u00fang bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung cho nhau. ERD h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng cho vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 truy xu\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng cho vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai logic nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea3 ERD v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, xem x\u00e9t c\u1ea3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. ERD cung c\u1ea5p n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp cung c\u1ea5p n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp ERD ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1edbp m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 l\u1edbp m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh-View-Controller (MVC). M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a ERD l\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef kh\u00e1c. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp bao qu\u00e1t to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, v\u00ec ch\u00fang bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c l\u1edbp v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong c\u1ea3 ba l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac MVC. Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n l\u1edbp m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n logic v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trong l\u1edbp \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c trong l\u1edbp hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ea3 ba l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ed1t, t\u00edch h\u1ee3p ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00f9ng nhau. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, ERD ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o l\u1edbp m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp bao qu\u00e1t c\u1ea3 ba l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac MVC. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00f9ng nhau. M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u2013 Hi\u1ec7u s\u00e1ch Ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd kho h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7u s\u00e1ch nh\u1ecf. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ea7n theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea3n sao c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n. Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mua s\u00e1ch, v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ea7n c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt kho h\u00e0ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ERD cho H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Hi\u1ec7u s\u00e1ch Trong ERD n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3: S\u00e1ch, Kho h\u00e0ng, Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 Giao d\u1ecbch mua. Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 S\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1chL\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ER: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf (Ph\u1ea7n 4 trong 5)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7057,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"","_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","_eb_attr":"","neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","source_url":"","vp_image_hash":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7056","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-data-modeling-database"],"source_url":"","fifu_image_url":"","vp_image_hash":"","yoast_head":"\nL\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ER: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf (Ph\u1ea7n 4 trong 5) - Visual Paradigm Guides Vietnamese<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/vn\/mastering-er-modeling-a-step-by-step-guide-with-real-world-examples-part-4-of-5\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"vi_VN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"L\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ER: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf (Ph\u1ea7n 4 trong 5) - Visual Paradigm Guides Vietnamese\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Trong khi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u1eb1m bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, th\u00ec thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa hai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 then ch\u1ed1t trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec. Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 t\u1ea1i sao m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u1eefu \u00edch cho thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) li\u00ean quan nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Vai tr\u00f2 b\u1ed5 sung c\u1ee7a ERD v\u00e0 S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp trong Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. ERD \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a quy tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. ERD hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhau, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh \u0111a tr\u1ecb (cardinality). M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c l\u1edbp v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ee9 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau c\u1ee7a quy tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, sau khi l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai. V\u1eady, t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3 ERD v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m? L\u00fd do ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u00fang bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung cho nhau. ERD h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng cho vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 truy xu\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng cho vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai logic nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea3 ERD v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, xem x\u00e9t c\u1ea3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. ERD cung c\u1ea5p n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp cung c\u1ea5p n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp ERD ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1edbp m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 l\u1edbp m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh-View-Controller (MVC). M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a ERD l\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef kh\u00e1c. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp bao qu\u00e1t to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, v\u00ec ch\u00fang bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c l\u1edbp v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong c\u1ea3 ba l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac MVC. Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n l\u1edbp m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n logic v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trong l\u1edbp \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c trong l\u1edbp hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ea3 ba l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ed1t, t\u00edch h\u1ee3p ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00f9ng nhau. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, ERD ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o l\u1edbp m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp bao qu\u00e1t c\u1ea3 ba l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac MVC. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00f9ng nhau. M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u2013 Hi\u1ec7u s\u00e1ch Ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd kho h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7u s\u00e1ch nh\u1ecf. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ea7n theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea3n sao c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n. Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mua s\u00e1ch, v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ea7n c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt kho h\u00e0ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ERD cho H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Hi\u1ec7u s\u00e1ch Trong ERD n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3: S\u00e1ch, Kho h\u00e0ng, Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 Giao d\u1ecbch mua. 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Trong khi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u1eb1m bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, th\u00ec thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa hai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 then ch\u1ed1t trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec. Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 t\u1ea1i sao m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u1eefu \u00edch cho thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) li\u00ean quan nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Vai tr\u00f2 b\u1ed5 sung c\u1ee7a ERD v\u00e0 S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp trong Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. ERD \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a quy tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. ERD hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhau, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh \u0111a tr\u1ecb (cardinality). M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c l\u1edbp v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ee9 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau c\u1ee7a quy tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, sau khi l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai. V\u1eady, t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3 ERD v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m? L\u00fd do ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u00fang bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung cho nhau. ERD h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng cho vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 truy xu\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng cho vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai logic nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea3 ERD v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, xem x\u00e9t c\u1ea3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. ERD cung c\u1ea5p n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp cung c\u1ea5p n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp ERD ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1edbp m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 l\u1edbp m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh-View-Controller (MVC). M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a ERD l\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef kh\u00e1c. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp bao qu\u00e1t to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, v\u00ec ch\u00fang bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c l\u1edbp v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong c\u1ea3 ba l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac MVC. Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n l\u1edbp m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n logic v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trong l\u1edbp \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c trong l\u1edbp hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ea3 ba l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ed1t, t\u00edch h\u1ee3p ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00f9ng nhau. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, ERD ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o l\u1edbp m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp bao qu\u00e1t c\u1ea3 ba l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac MVC. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00f9ng nhau. M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u2013 Hi\u1ec7u s\u00e1ch Ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd kho h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7u s\u00e1ch nh\u1ecf. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ea7n theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea3n sao c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n. Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mua s\u00e1ch, v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ea7n c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt kho h\u00e0ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. 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